How product managers can adapt core responsibilities across different organizations and contexts
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TLDR
Through his research and practical experience at MasterCard, Nishant Parikh identified 19 key activities that define the role of software product managers. He emphasizes that these activities vary based on context (large vs. small organizations, B2B vs. B2C, Agile vs. Waterfall). The discussion reveals how product management has evolved since 1931 and highlights the importance of clear role definition to prevent job frustration. The core focus of these activities is on thorough market research, continuous customer engagement, and strategic product development.
Key Topics:
Market research as the foundation of product successEvolution from problem space to solution identification
Product positioning and vision development
Differences between product manager and product owner rolesFlexible vs. fixed roadmapping approachesContinuous customer engagement throughout product lifecycleFinancial analysis and business case developmentImpact of organizational size on PM responsibilitiesRole of AI tools in modernizing product managementImportance of cross-functional collaborationIntroduction
In this episode, I’m interviewing Nishant Parikh, Director of Product Management at MasterCard. We explored the 19 essential activities that define successful software product management today.
Drawing from his 20+ years of technology experience and extensive research, Nishant shared insights about how these activities vary across different organizational contexts – from startups to enterprises, B2B to B2C, and Agile to Waterfall environments. He emphasized the importance of role clarity and how the lack of it often leads to frustrated product managers leaving their positions.
In this article, I’ll share the key takeaways from our discussion, including why market research should be your foundation, how customer engagement has evolved to become a continuous process, and the ways AI is reshaping traditional product management activities.
Why study the 19 key activities of software product managers?
Nishant’s motivation came from his personal experience navigating different product management roles over six years. Each position required vastly different responsibilities:
In his first PM role, he focused on high-level solution development and feature writingHis next position emphasized go-to-market activitiesAt a small MasterCard acquisition company, he had to handle everything from product development to writing stories and epicsCurrently at MasterCard’s foundry team, his focus is on innovation and ideationThis variety of experiences left him confused about the core responsibilities of a product manager. This confusion motivated him to pursue research to better understand:
What a product manager’s key responsibilities should beHow the discipline has evolved since its inception in 1931Why many PMs leave their jobs due to lack of role clarityHow to address the overlapping responsibilities between product managers, product leaders, and innovatorsHe noted that while large organizations might have 100 defined activities for product managers, it’s impossible for one person to handle them all. This led him to research and identify 19 core activities specific to product management, with clear separation from product marketing, sales, and go-to-market functions.
Consolidating insights from different bodies of knowledge
Nishant identified three main bodies of knowledge in product management, each with distinct limitations:
PDMA (Product Development and Management Association)ISPMA (International Software Product Management Association) – focused specifically on software industryProduct Marketing Body of Knowledge – combines product management and product marketingThe key problem he identified is that none of these bodies of knowledge clearly distinguish between different product management roles or account for various contextual factors that affect how product managers should work, such as:
Organization size (large vs. small companies)Development methodology (Agile vs. Waterfall)Product type (AI vs. non-AI products)Market focus (B2B vs. B2C)He emphasized that these contextual factors significantly impact a product manager’s role. For example:
In large companies, different departments handle specialized functionsIn small companies, one product manager might handle all responsibilitiesThe same role can look very different between B2B and B2C productsNishant’s research aimed to consolidate insights from these different bodies of knowledge and account for various contextual factors to provide a clearer, more comprehensive perspective for product managers and leaders. His goal was to help product managers understand how their role should adapt based on their specific organizational context and product type.
1. Market Research
As software product managers navigate the complex landscape of product development, market research emerges as a crucial first activity. Thorough market research in the problem space is fundamental to product success.
Understanding the Problem Space
The primary goal of market research is to validate whether a real problem exists and if customers truly care about solving it. This validation process requires intensive effort but sets the foundation for all subsequent product development activities. As Nishant emphasizes from his own research experience, investing time in understanding and defining the problem statement pays significant dividends later in the product lifecycle.
Organizational Differences in Market Research
How market research is conducted varies significantly between large and small organizations:
Large Companies:
Have dedicated research departmentsAccess to specialized agenciesMultiple partnership resourcesChallenge: Information silos between departmentsNeed for effective cross-functional communication to share insightsSmall Companies:
Limited budget for researchOften lack dedicated research resourcesProduct managers typically handle research directlyDespite resource constraints, market research remains crucial for innovation successThe Impact of AI on Market Research
Modern market research has been transformed by artificial intelligence tools:
Secondary research benefits significantly from tools like Perplexity.AI and ChatGPTPrimary research, especially customer interviews, still requires direct human involvementAI tools complement but don’t replace the need for direct customer interactionBest Practices for Product Managers
The key takeaway for software product managers is clear: invest heavily in market research regardless of organizational size or resources. A solid understanding of the problem space leads to:
Better solution developmentHigher likelihood of customer adoptionIncreased chances of customers willing to pay for the solutionMore efficient product development process2. Solution Identification
After establishing a clear understanding of the market through research, the next critical activity for software product managers is solution identification.
A Straightforward but Critical Process
Solution identification represents the transition from problem space to solution space, involving two key components:
Developing solution concepts or prototypesValidating these potential solutions with customersWhat makes this activity unique is its relative simplicity and consistency – regardless of organization size, industry, or methodology, the core process remains largely the same.
The Validation Component
The heart of solution identification lies in customer validation. Product managers must:
Present potential solutions to customersGather feedback on solution conceptsVerify that proposed solutions effectively address the validated problemUnlike other product management activities that vary significantly based on organizational context, solution identification maintains its fundamental approach whether you’re working at a startup or an enterprise company like MasterCard.
Building the Foundation for Product Vision
This activity serves as a bridge between problem validation and product vision development. By identifying and validating solutions before creating a product vision, product managers ensure they’re building on solid ground rather than assumptions.
The straightforward nature of solution identification shouldn’t diminish its importance – it’s a critical step that transforms validated problems into potential products. Its success relies heavily on the thoroughness of the preceding market research phase while setting the stage for subsequent product positioning and vision development.
3. Product Positioning
A Common Pitfall in Vision Development
Nishant highlighted a lesson from his early career: the mistake of creating a product vision before completing market research.
The Correct Sequence
The proper approach to product positioning involves:
Understanding the market spaceValidating the problemAssessing implementation feasibilityDeveloping the product visionComponents of Product Positioning
A well-positioned product should include:
Clear product visionInitial feature setValue propositionPreliminary go-to-market strategyConcise documentationDocumentation and Modern Tools
Product positioning represents the first step in formal product documentation, serving as:
A foundation for detailed technical breakdownsThe basis for epics and stories in Agile tools like JiraA reference point for future development decisionsGenerative AI has become valuable in this phase by:
Enhancing PR (Product Requirements) documentationSuggesting features based on competitive analysisProviding narrative structure for product storiesInternal vs External Focus
While primarily focused on internal alignment, product positioning can serve both internal and external purposes:
Internal: Getting leadership support and aligning teamsExternal: Early market validation and customer feedback, similar to Amazon’s “working backwards” approachThis positioning phase creates the foundation for all subsequent product development activities, making it important to get right through proper sequencing and thorough documentation.
4. Product Roadmapping
Once product positioning is established, product managers move into the more action-oriented activity of roadmapping. This planning phase requires careful consideration of multiple contextual factors that significantly impact how roadmaps should be developed and managed.
Agile vs. Waterfall Approaches
The methodology used has a significant impact on roadmap development:
Agile Roadmapping
Uses flexible roadmaps with varying confidence levels:3 months: Concrete, high-confidence plans6 months: Medium confidence projections9 months: Low confidence forecastingAllows for frequent adjustments based on market and customer demandsPrioritizes adaptability over predictabilityWaterfall Roadmapping
Features more solid, predictable roadmapsOffers clearer communication of delivery dates to customersLess flexible to changeB2B vs. B2C Considerations
Market focus significantly influences roadmap development and release strategies:
B2B Products
Less frequent releasesFocus on core feature deliveryMay conflict with traditional Agile principles of frequent releasesEmphasis on completing essential functionality before releaseB2C Products
More frequent releasesGreater focus on user experience improvementsRegular updates to address UI/UX issuesContinuous enhancement approachAs Nishant points out from his experience at MasterCard, B2B products often don’t require the same frequency of releases as B2C products. Once core features are delivered and customers are satisfied, there’s less need for constant updates focused on minor UI/UX improvements.
Key Considerations for Product Managers
When developing product roadmaps, product managers should:
Consider their specific business context (B2B vs. B2C)Align roadmap structure with development methodologyBalance customer needs with development capabilitiesMaintain appropriate levels of flexibility based on market typeUnderstanding these contextual factors helps product managers create more effective roadmaps that better serve both their organization and their customers.
5. Requirements Engineering
Following roadmap creation, requirements engineering emerges as a crucial activity where product strategy meets technical execution. This phase highlights the important distinction between product manager and product owner roles, particularly in Agile environments.
Historical Evolution of Roles
Nishant provided valuable historical context about how these roles evolved:
Pre-2001: Only product management existed2001: Agile Manifesto introduced the Product Owner roleInitial Scrum methodology focused solely on Product OwnersLater frameworks like SAFe introduced clearer distinction between rolesRole Distinctions
Product Owner
Specific to Agile methodologiesFocuses on development team interactionTransforms leadership vision into engineering tasksHandles detailed story breakdown and sprint planningProduct Manager
More outbound-focused roleWorks with cross-functional teamsHandles market-facing responsibilitiesManages broader product strategyOrganizational Impact
How these roles are implemented varies by organization size:
Large Companies: Often maintain separate roles for Product Manager and Product OwnerSmall Companies: Usually combine roles into a single positionStartups: Often rely on founders for product management with dedicated Product OwnersKey Challenges
The separation of roles can create:
Communication gaps between external and internal focusPotential misalignment between strategy and executionNeed for careful coordination between rolesAs requirements engineering continues to evolve, organizations must carefully consider how to structure these roles to maintain effective product development while avoiding communication gaps and ensuring clear accountability.
6. Product Verification
In discussing product verification, Nishant highlighted how this crucial activity has transformed dramatically with the adoption of different development methodologies, particularly in the software industry.
Methodology Differences
Traditional Waterfall Approach
Relied heavily on User Acceptance Testing (UAT)Testing conducted after complete developmentSingle verification phase at project endHigher risk of late-stage discoveriesModern Agile Approach
Eliminates traditional UATImplements continuous validation through sprint demosCustomer feedback gathered during developmentStory-level validation within each sprintIndustry-Specific Considerations
The approach to product verification varies significantly by industry:
Software Industry
Moved away from traditional UATEmbraces continuous validationAllows for rapid iterationsEnables quick course correctionsPhysical Products
Still largely follows sequential processesCannot easily deliver products in piecesExploring ways to implement Agile principlesUses prototyping cycles for validationKey Benefits of Modern Verification
The evolution to continuous verification offers several advantages:
Earlier detection of issuesReduced risk of major problems late in developmentMore frequent customer feedbackGreater flexibility to make adjustmentsAs Nishant notes, this transformation in product verification represents a fundamental shift in how products are validated, moving from a single checkpoint to an ongoing process integrated throughout the development lifecycle.
7. Customer Insight
According to Nishant’s research, customer insight represents a fundamental shift in how product managers engage with their users throughout the product lifecycle. This shift moves from periodic customer engagement to continuous involvement at every stage of product development.
Evolution of Customer Engagement
Historically, customer engagement was limited to specific points in the process:
Early problem validationInitial solution validationRequirements gatheringFinal product verificationModern Approach: Continuous Customer Engagement
Today’s best practices involve customers at every stage:
Market Space Phase
Problem validationMarket need confirmationInitial concept feedbackSolution Space Phase
Solution validationFeature prioritizationConcept testingDevelopment Phase
Value delivery verificationOngoing feedback collectionFeature refinementProduction Phase
Complete product evaluationUser satisfaction surveysContinuous enhancement feedbackKey Message for Product Managers
Nishant emphasizes one critical point for all product managers: Stay close to customer as much as possible and as early as in the process. This continuous engagement ensures:
Better alignment with customer needsReduced risk of building unwanted featuresFaster identification of problemsMore successful product outcomesIn the software world particularly, this continuous customer insight loop enables ongoing product enhancement and ensures the product continues to meet evolving customer needs.
8. Financial Analysis
Nishant described financial analysis as one of the more challenging product management activities, with significant variations between different organizational contexts. This activity encompasses business case development, pricing strategies, and ongoing financial validation.
Organizational Differences
Small Companies
Business cases often handled by founders or CEOLimited PM involvement due to confidentialityFocus typically on single product financialsLess formal financial analysis processesLarge Companies
Major responsibility for product managersSecond only to cross-functional collaboration in complexityRequires coordination across multiple departmentsComplex pricing and costing calculationsComponents of Financial Analysis
A comprehensive financial analysis includes:
Product pricing strategyEngineering cost calculationsMarketing expense projectionsSales cost estimationsComplete business case developmentEvolution of Business Cases
Business case development is a continuous process that evolves through several stages:
Early Stage
Total addressable market assessmentInitial revenue projectionsPreliminary pricing strategyDevelopment Stage
Cost identification with development teamsRefined revenue projectionsUpdated business case calculationsMarket Testing
Validation of initial projectionsAdjustment of revenue expectationsRefinement of business case based on real dataKey Considerations
Product managers should understand that:
Financial analysis is not a one-time activityBusiness cases require continuous refinementMarket feedback may significantly impact initial projectionsSuccess metrics need regular validation and adjustmentAs Nishant notes, while initial projections are important, the true test comes when products hit the market, often requiring significant adjustments to the business case based on real-world performance.
Conclusion
Software product management is far more nuanced and context-dependent than many realize. Nishant’s research-backed framework of 19 key activities provides clarity for product managers struggling to define their roles and responsibilities. Whether working in large enterprises or small startups, understanding how these activities adapt to different organizational contexts is necessary for success.
Today’s successful product managers must maintain ongoing dialogues with customers, constantly refine their business cases, and adapt their strategies based on real-world feedback. As the field continues to evolve, those who understand these core activities and how to adapt them to their specific context will be best positioned to create successful products that truly meet customer needs while delivering business value.
Useful links:
Check out Nishant’s articles on Google Scholar:The Software Product Manager’s FrameworkThe Impact of Generative AI in Software Product ManagementThe Role of AI Product ManagersInnovation Quote
“Innovation is a dynamic process that applies scientific thinking to transform customer problems into valuable business opportunities.” – Nishant Parikh
Application Questions
How could you adapt your market research approach based on your organizational context? Consider the differences between how large and small companies conduct research – if you’re in a large organization, how could you better leverage existing research resources and break down silos? If you’re in a smaller organization with limited resources, how could you conduct meaningful research on a budget?How would you describe the current balance between your product manager and product owner responsibilities? Whether these are separate roles in your organization or combined in your position, what steps could you take to improve the handoff between strategic product management and tactical development work, especially with the assistance of AI tools?Looking at your current customer engagement practices, how could you evolve from periodic touchpoints to more continuous customer involvement throughout your product lifecycle? What specific opportunities exist in your product development process to gather more frequent customer feedback?How could your team improve its approach to business case development and financial analysis? Consider how you currently update financial projections throughout the product lifecycle – what triggers could you establish for reviewing and refining your business case based on new market information or customer feedback?How could you better align your roadmapping approach with your specific business context (B2B vs. B2C)? If you’re currently using an Agile methodology but serving B2B customers, what adjustments could you make to better balance frequent releases with your customers’ needs for stability?Bio
Nishant A. Parikh is a dynamic professional with a diverse academic background and extensive experience in computer science and product management. Graduating with a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from Gujarat University in 2005 and an MBA from Webster University in 2020, Nishant combines technical expertise with business acumen. Currently serving as the Director in Product Management at Mastercard, he drives strategic direction and spearheads the development of innovative software solutions. Passionate about the field, Nishant has immersed himself in research at Capitol Technology University since 2022, exploring the challenges, trends, and solutions in product management. As an avid writer, he shares his insights, addressing the multifaceted issues faced by product managers. Nishant’s visionary leadership, industry knowledge, and commitment to innovation make him a driving force in shaping the future of software product management.
Thanks!
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