Alexander von Humboldt returns to South America, traveling into the jungles to the city of Bogota, and then over the Andes Mountains. Here he will do extensive studies on volcanoes, and crystallize ideas that will be critical to his idea of Naturgemälde.

Curious Worldview Podcast: https://atlasgeographica.com/explorers-podcast/

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Alexander von Humboldt arrives in South America, and conducts an expedition up the Orinoco River in search of the Casiquiare canal - which legend says connected the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. His experiences help him develop some of his most influential and revolutionary scientific theories.

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Part one of our series introduces us to Alexander von Humboldt - one of the most influential scientists and thinkers of the 19th century - and the man known as the 'Father of Ecology'. In this episode, we cover Humboldt's early years, detailing how he grew into one of Europe's most innovative scientists. We finish up with Humboldt setting off to South America on a voyage of discovery that will cover five years.

The Explorers Podcast is part of the Airwave Media Network: www.airwavemedia.com

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This episode takes a look at the first Europeans to reach the island of Japan in 1543. The two men - António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto - were Portuguese merchants. Their visit would transform Japanese society with the introduction of the arquebus - an early musket.

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In the final episode in the Belgica Expedition, we have a conversation with New York Times best-selling author Julian Sancton, who wrote the book "Madhouse at the End of the Earth: The Belgica's Journey into the Dark Antarctic Night". This is the definitive book about the expedition. In our talk, Sancton discusses the challenges, surprises and rewards of writing the book.

Find out more about Julian Sancton and "Madhouse at the End of the Earth": https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/602593/madhouse-at-the-end-of-the-earth-by-julian-sancton/

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In the final chapter of the Belgica saga, the ship and her crew struggle to find a way out of the Antarctic ice pack. As they do so, the men struggle with the physical and mental health as they face yet another year trapped in the pack.

Images/maps to help with this episode: https://explorerspodcast.com/belgica-expedition/

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As the winter of 1898 approaches, the Belgica and her crew prepare to endure 70 days of darkness. No one in history had endured a winter in the Antarctic environment. What follows will include extreme cold, isolation, madness and death. 

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The Belgica begins to explore the coast of Antarctica - and plunges deeper and deeper to the south as the long night of winter approaches. 

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In part 2 of our series on the Belgica Expedition, the ship travels to Rio de Janeiro, through the dangerous Strait of Magellan, and onto Antarctica. Along the way, the expedition will be joined by Dr. Frederick Cook, and there will be a near mutiny - plus a tragic death.

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In 1897, Belgian naval officer Adrien de Gerlache organized the first major expedition to Antarctica in half a century. It will kick off the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. The expedition included two men critic to the exploration of the polar regions - Roald Amundsen and Dr. Frederick Cook.

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