October 18, 2024

146. Neuroinflammation | How Chronic Microglial Cell Activation Can Contribute to Neurodegeneration, Factors That Activate Microglial Cells

17 minutes

In this episode, we dive into the role of microglial cells, the brain’s resident immune defenders, and how their chronic activation at the cellular level contributes to neurodegeneration. We'll explore the cellular mechanisms behind microglial activation, including the involvement of P2Y12 receptors and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α. Additionally, we'll discuss how everyday environmental toxins and stressors can trigger long-term microglial activity, potentially increasing the risk of conditions like Alzheimer's.

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview: Microglia and neurodegeneration.

- Environmental toxins affecting microglia.

2. Brain and Microglial Overview

- Brain has neurons and glial cells.

- Microglia are the brain's immune cells.

- Roles: Immune defense, synaptic pruning, neuroprotection.

3. Microglial Immune Function

- Constantly monitor for infection and damage.

- Activated microglia perform phagocytosis.

- Clear debris and maintain brain health.

4. Cellular Mechanisms of Activation

- P2Y12 receptors respond to ATP/ADP.

- Microglia shift from resting to activated.

- Activated microglia are highly phagocytic.

5. Role in Synaptic Pruning

- Microglia help in synaptic pruning.

- Remove weak synapses for efficient brain circuits.

6. Microglia in Neurodegeneration

- Chronic activation leads to inflammation.

- Release of cytokines like IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6.

- Contributes to Alzheimer's, Parkinson's.

- MHC molecules

7. Environmental Toxins and Activation

- Mycotoxins cross BBB and activate microglia

- Heavy metals like lead, aluminum affect neurons

- Pesticides/herbicides linked to Parkinson’s risk

8. Other Factors Activating Microglia

- Industrial chemicals, BPA

- Artificial additives, alcohol

- Chronic stress

9. Conclusion

- Recap: Microglial functions and overactivation.

- Lifestyle factors influence microglial health.

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