The Peptide Podcast

Imagine a treatment that not only helps manage diabetes but also holds the potential to reverse kidney failure — what was once thought to be impossible. The recent FLOW study has remarkable groundbreaking evidence that GLP-1 receptor agonists can significantly improve kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. And while researchers try to understand the full implications of these findings, one thing is clear: the landscape of kidney disease treatment may never be the same again. 

In this podcast, we’ll dive into the results of the FLOW trial and explore what they may mean for people at risk for kidney failure.

What are GLP-1 Agonists?

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) agonists are a class of drugs that mimic the effects of the natural hormone GLP-1. They enhance insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying, improving blood sugar control. Beyond their primary use in diabetes management, GLP-1 agonists have been studied for various conditions, including obesity and cardiovascular disease prevention.

The Study Overview

The FLOW trial, which stands for "Fasting and Long-acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease," focused on the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists, specifically semaglutide, on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (those most at risk for kidney failure).

Researchers observed a remarkable trend: patients receiving semaglutide demonstrated stabilization of kidney function and signs of renal recovery. This was groundbreaking, as reversing kidney damage has long been considered a near-impossible feat.

Study Objectives

The primary goal was to determine whether treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists could improve kidney outcomes in patients with CKD.

Study Design

• Participants: The study enrolled >3500 adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD.

• Intervention: Participants were randomized to receive either semaglutide or a placebo.

• Primary Outcomes: The main outcomes included changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the incidence of major adverse kidney events (kidney failure- need for transplantation or dialysis).

Key Findings

1. Renal Function Improvement: Patients on semaglutide showed significant improvements in glomerular filtration rates (GFR), a key indicator of kidney function.

2. Reduced Inflammation: The drugs appeared to lower levels of inflammatory markers associated with kidney damage, suggesting a protective effect.

3. Metabolic Benefits: Improvements in blood sugar control and weight loss were also observed, contributing to overall health and potentially alleviating stress on the kidneys.

4. Adverse Events: The treatment was generally well-tolerated, with a favorable safety profile.

Ethical Considerations

As the results began to emerge, the ethical landscape of the study shifted dramatically. The control group, which was not receiving semaglutide, was found to be at a significantly higher risk of kidney deterioration. With compelling evidence that the GLP-1 agonist was safe and potentially life-saving, the ethics committee determined withholding treatment from any participants was no longer justifiable.

Consequently, the study was halted prematurely to allow all participants access to the medication, prioritizing patient welfare over the continuation of research under an inequitable framework. This decision underscores the ethical responsibility of researchers to ensure that all patients receive the best possible care, especially when clear benefits are identified.

Implications for Future Research

While the early termination of the study raises questions about the completeness of the data collected, it also opens new avenues for further research. The findings encourage more extensive clinical trials to explore the mechanisms behind the renal protective effects of GLP-1 agonists. Additionally, there is a growing interest in investigating these drugs' long-term effects on kidney health and their potential role in preventing disease progression.

As further studies unfold, there is hope that GLP-1 agonists will become a standard part of kidney disease management, potentially transforming outcomes for millions affected by this condition.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

Have you heard of fatty liver disease? Well, fatty liver disease is just what it sounds like—it's when fat builds up in the liver and starts causing issues. The official name for it is “nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,” or NAFLD for short. Now, if that fat buildup leads to inflammation, it’s called “nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,” or NASH. The “nonalcoholic” part just means it’s not caused by alcohol, which can also lead to similar liver problems. NASH is a more severe liver disease compared to NAFLD. This is because inflammation in the liver can lead to cirrhosis (scarring or fibrosis of the liver) and liver failure. 

Fatty liver disease happens when there's too much fat in the liver, but we’re still figuring out what actually causes that buildup. We do know that carrying extra body fat can raise the risk, and how our bodies handle sugars and fats might play a role, too. It’s also more common in Hispanic people than in other racial groups. Additional risk factors include a larger waist size, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

Most people with fatty liver disease don’t have any symptoms. These happen much later in people who have more severe liver disease.  If and when symptoms do happen, some people experience jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), fatigue, and abdominal swelling from fluid build-up (ascites). Weakness, weight loss, and nausea or vomiting can also occur.

People usually find out they have fatty liver disease by chance, often during tests for something else. For instance, routine blood tests might reveal higher levels of liver enzymes like AST and ALT.

The increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome has made NASH a significant public health concern. However, recent research has highlighted glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists as a promising therapeutic option for improving NASH. 

In this podcast, we’ll discuss how GLP-1 agonists work and the clinical evidence supporting their effectiveness in treating NASH.

Understanding GLP-1 Agonists

GLP-1 is an incretin hormone produced in the intestines that plays an important role in glucose metabolism. GLP-1 agonists, such as liraglutide and semaglutide, mimic the action of this hormone, leading to increased insulin secretion, decreased glucagon release, and reduced appetite. Originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 agonists have gained attention for their potential effects on liver health, particularly in NASH patients.

How Do GLP-1 Agonists Work in NASH?

1. Weight Loss and Appetite Regulation: One of the primary benefits of GLP-1 agonists is their ability to promote weight loss. Excess weight is a significant risk factor for NASH, and weight reduction can lead to improvements in liver histology and function. By decreasing appetite and increasing satiety, these medications can help patients achieve significant weight loss, which may directly improve liver health.

2. Improved Insulin Sensitivity: GLP-1 agonists enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Improved insulin action can reduce hepatic fat accumulation, a key feature of NASH. These agents may help manage the underlying metabolic dysregulation associated with NASH by improving insulin resistance.

3. Direct Liver Effects: Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptors exist in liver cells. Activation of these receptors may directly influence liver inflammation and fibrosis. GLP-1 agonists have been shown to reduce markers of liver inflammation and fibrosis in preclinical models, indicating a potential role in mitigating liver damage.

4. Antioxidant Properties: GLP-1 has antioxidant effects, which can help reduce oxidative stress—a significant contributor to liver injury in NASH. By decreasing oxidative stress, GLP-1 agonists may protect liver cells from damage and promote better liver health.

Clinical Study Findings

Several clinical studies have explored the efficacy of GLP-1 agonists in treating NASH, with promising results:

1. Liraglutide Study: In a randomized controlled trial, patients with NASH treated with liraglutide showed significant reductions in liver fat content and improved liver histology after 48 weeks. The study reported a reduction in necroinflammation and fibrosis scores, highlighting the potential of liraglutide as a therapeutic agent for NASH.

2. Semaglutide Research: A recent trial involving semaglutide demonstrated notable improvements in liver fat content and metabolic parameters among participants with NASH. The study indicated that patients experienced a significant reduction in body weight, which correlated with improved liver function tests and reduced hepatic inflammation.

3. Long-Term Benefits: Ongoing research examines the long-term effects of GLP-1 agonists on NASH progression and resolution. Early data suggest that sustained treatment can lead to lasting improvements in liver health, reinforcing the need for long-term management strategies in patients with NASH.

GLP-1 agonists look like real game-changers when treating NASH. They help with weight loss, boost insulin sensitivity, and even offer direct protection to the liver. Clinical studies back this up, showing that these medications can improve liver health and tackle the metabolic issues tied to NASH. As research continues, GLP-1 agonists might become a key part of managing this condition, bringing new hope to those dealing with this growing liver disease.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

Someone might switch from semaglutide to tirzepatide to achieve greater weight loss or improve blood sugar control. Tirzepatide has been shown to be more effective for some people because it works on two different hormones, GLP-1 and GIP. This combination can lead to better results in managing weight and overall health. 

Additionally, if a person stops losing weight on semaglutide or isn't feeling as much appetite suppression, switching to tirzepatide could provide a new option, especially at higher doses.

In this podcast, we’ll discuss the feedback from doctors and patients about switching from semaglutide to tirzepatide for weight loss. The experiences shared are quite varied. Here are some common themes based on what healthcare providers and patients reported.

1. Appetite Suppression

• Patients' Experiences:

• Some patients report weaker appetite suppression with tirzepatide compared to semaglutide. They mention that they felt more consistently full or experienced less "food noise" (persistent thoughts about food) with semaglutide.

• Others find tirzepatide equally or more effective at reducing hunger, especially at higher doses (10 mg to 15 mg). They note that their appetite was well-controlled after titrating to these higher doses.

• Clinicians' Observations:

• Many clinicians observe that tirzepatide’s appetite suppression is dose-dependent, with lower doses (5 mg) sometimes being less effective than semaglutide 2.4 mg, but higher doses (7.5 mg and up) providing stronger suppression.

• Some clinics report that patients may need more time on tirzepatide for the full appetite-suppressing effects to become noticeable.

2. Weight Loss:

• Patients' Experiences:

• Many patients experience greater or more rapid weight loss with tirzepatide, especially when titrated to higher doses (10 mg or more). Some report that they plateaued with semaglutide but started losing more weight after switching to tirzepatide.

• Others find that their weight loss slows down after switching to tirzepatide, particularly if their tirzepatide dose starts low (e.g., 2.5 or 5 mg), which may take time to match the effects of semaglutide 2.4 mg.

• Clinicians' Observations:

• Physicians often report that tirzepatide tends to lead to greater weight loss overall compared to semaglutide, especially when patients reach the higher doses (15 mg).

• However, individual variability plays a significant role, with some patients responding better to one medication over the other, depending on their metabolic profile and personal response to the medications.

3. Side Effects:

• Patients' Experiences:

• Patients commonly note that tirzepatide's side effects are similar to semaglutide, particularly stomach-related symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, these effects tend to lessen over time with both medications.

• On the other hand, some patients may experience more intense side effects with tirzepatide, especially during the titration phase.

• Clinicians' Observations:

• Clinics generally find that tirzepatide’s tolerability improves when the dose is titrated slowly, starting at 2.5 mg. Jumping directly to higher doses (5 mg or more) can increase the likelihood of nausea and other stomach-related side effects.

• Long-term side effect profiles are comparable between the two, but some clinics observe that tirzepatide's dual mechanism (GIP + GLP-1) might cause more initial stomach discomfort in certain patients.

4. Patient Preferences:

• Some patients prefer staying on semaglutide because it effectively curbs their hunger and controls cravings better, even if tirzepatide provides more weight loss.

• Others favor tirzepatide due to its better results in weight loss and overall improvements in metabolic health, especially once they reach higher doses.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

Imagine waking up refreshed after a full night’s sleep, free from the constant interruptions of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Now, imagine treating your OSA without relying on a bulky CPAP machine but with a convenient once-weekly injectable medication instead. Enter tirzepatide, the breakthrough peptide originally designed for diabetes and weight loss, is now making waves in treating OSA. 

Recent studies reveal that tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound)  reduces apnea episodes and promotes significant weight loss, tackling one of the root causes of sleep apnea. 

In this podcast, we’ll talk about the science behind this exciting new study.

Tirzepatide is a dual agonist that acts like GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GLP-1 and GIP are hormones naturally produced in the gut. 

These hormones are important in regulating blood sugar levels, insulin secretion, and appetite control, which is why tirzepatide was first developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity management. By mimicking these hormones, tirzepatide enhances insulin sensitivity, reduces glucagon levels, and slows gastric emptying, which collectively aids in appetite suppression and promotes significant weight loss.

The connection between tirzepatide and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) lies in its ability to reduce body weight. OSA is often exacerbated by excess fat around the neck and airway, which leads to airway obstruction during sleep. 

Weight loss is one of the most effective non-surgical treatments for OSA because it reduces this physical pressure, allowing the airway to stay open during sleep. By helping patients lose a substantial amount of weight, tirzepatide can reduce the severity of OSA symptoms.

The latest publication from the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) discusses the impact of tirzepatide on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in individuals with obesity.

Tirzepatide was tested in the SURMOUNT-OSA trial to determine its effect on OSA. The study showed that tirzepatide significantly reduced the severity of OSA over one year. The primary measurement was the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI), which tracks the number of breathing interruptions per hour during sleep.

In the trials, participants experienced a reduction in AHI by up to 56% compared to placebo. Additionally, body weight decreased by 16-17%, which is notable since weight loss directly improves OSA symptoms.

Beyond the improvements in sleep quality, the study also observed benefits like reduced blood pressure, which could have positive cardiovascular implications for patients with OSA. But, further research is needed to determine whether these improvements lead to long-term reductions in cardiovascular events.

Tirzepatide’s effectiveness in treating OSA provides a promising new avenue for managing the condition, especially for patients who struggle with conventional therapies like CPAP or want to avoid oral facial surgery. 

The full clinical impact of tirzepatide on patient-centered outcomes, such as quality of life and long-term health benefits, is still under investigation. While initial studies show promising improvements in sleep apnea severity and weight loss, more research is needed to fully understand its effects on broader health markers and long-term outcomes. 

Additional trials will determine whether these short-term benefits translate into sustained improvements in overall health, quality of life, and reduced risks of associated conditions such as cardiovascular disease​.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

Curious about how tirzepatide can help with weight loss?  From understanding how it works to managing potential side effects, many have questions about this medication. 

In this podcast, we’ll discuss the top questions to give you a clearer picture of how tirzepatide might fit into your weight loss journey.

How does tirzepatide work for weight loss?Tirzepatide, marketed as Zepbound, mimics the action of GLP-1 and GIP, two hormones naturally released by your gut. These hormones are critical in regulating appetite and how much food you consume. By enhancing the feeling of fullness and reducing hunger, tirzepatide helps support weight loss. Specifically, it has the following effects:

• Slows stomach emptying, helping you feel full longer after meals.

• Decreases appetite, leading to reduced food intake.

• Reduces food cravings.

• Stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels.

• Reduces the liver’s new glucose production, further improving blood sugar control.

These combined effects make tirzepatide a powerful tool for weight management and improving metabolic health.

1. How long does it take for tirzepatide to work?

In clinical trials, people typically began to notice weight loss around 4 weeks after starting tirzepatide. This is when the medication reaches stable levels in the body. The trial lasted for 72 weeks, and the participants continued to lose weight throughout the study. However, the most significant results were observed during the first 8 to 9 months of treatment.

2. How much weight do people lose with tirzepatide?

Tirzepatide is one of the most effective weight-loss treatments available. In clinical trials, people lost, on average, between 15% and 21% of their starting body weight after 72 weeks of treatment. 

Additionally, longer treatment with tirzepatide tends to lead to more significant weight loss. People in two different studies lost an average of 25% of their starting body weight when using tirzepatide for an extended period. 

3. What’s the typical tirzepatide dosage for weight loss?

The initial tirzepatide dosage is 2.5 mg once a week for the first 4 weeks. After that, the dose is increased to 5 mg weekly. Most people remain on the 5 mg dose for the long term. If necessary, the dose can be gradually increased. But the increases should be by no more than 2.5 mg at a time, and there should be at least 4 weeks in between each one. The maximum tirzepatide dose is 15mg weekly.

4. How long does tirzepatide stay in your system?

Tirzepatide has a half-life of about 5 days, meaning that it takes this amount of time for your body to eliminate half of the medication. This helps determine when a medication starts wearing off and influences its dosing schedule. Since Tirzepatide’s half-life is 5 days, it only needs to be injected once weekly.

On the other hand, a longer half-life means it takes more time for your body to fully eliminate a medication. In the case of tirzepatide, small amounts of the medication may remain in your system for up to 25 days after a dose.

5. How long do you need to take tirzepatide?

The duration of tirzepatide treatment depends on your health and weight loss goals. It’s best to work with your healthcare provider to determine a timeline that suits your needs. Keep in mind that tirzepatide is designed for long-term use. Still, it may only be needed temporarily if you're able to adopt and sustain certain lifestyle changes after discontinuing the medication .

Research shows that maintaining weight loss with tirzepatide is achievable with continued use. At the end of clinical trials, nearly 90% of participants maintained at least 80% of the weight they lost during the first 8 to 9 months. 

If you plan to stop taking tirzepatide, it’s important to work with your healthcare provider to develop a strategy to help maintain your weight loss. They can help create a plan to continue important lifestyle changes such as proper nutrition, regular physical activity, stress management, and quality sleep. 

6. Can you change your tirzepatide injection day?

Yes, you can adjust your tirzepatide injection day if needed (e.g., illness, vacation, side effects), but there are specific guidelines to follow.

When switching injection days, make sure there’s at least a 3-day (72-hour) gap between two doses. For instance, if you typically inject on Saturdays, you could move it to Tuesday (or another later day in the same week). 

It's important to consult your healthcare provider before making this change. They can give you a safe and appropriate schedule based on your circumstances.

7. Can you switch from semaglutide to tirzepatide?

Yes, you can switch from semaglutide to tirzepatide if you need additional support with weight management. 

Based on your current semaglutide dosage and any side effects you're experiencing, your healthcare provider may begin you on a lower dose of tirzepatide. This approach allows your body to adjust to tirzepatide and helps determine your optimal dose.

It’s important to note that some individuals transitioning from semaglutide to tirzepatide report that semaglutide remains more effective in various aspects, including appetite suppression, managing food cravings, and achieving weight loss goals. 

They often note that semaglutide helps reduce "food noise," or the persistent thoughts about food, more effectively than tirzepatide.

This variation in response highlights the individual nature of weight management medications, suggesting that while tirzepatide may work well for many, semaglutide may better address specific needs for others, particularly in controlling cravings and enhancing overall satiety.

8. What are the most common side effects of Tirzepatide?

The most frequently reported side effects are nausea and constipation. Less commonly, you might experience other gastrointestinal issues such as indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, burping, and flatulence. Some people have also reported headache and fatigue.

9. How do I manage constipation on tirzepatide?

1. Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and help prevent constipation. To estimate your daily water intake, take your weight in pounds and divide it by two. This will give you the approximate number of ounces of water you should drink each day. For instance, if you weigh 200 pounds, you should aim for about 100 ounces (or 3 liters) of water daily. This amounts to roughly five 20-ounce bottles of water each day. You should drink more if you live in warmer, humid climates or work outside.

1. Engage in exercise 3-4 times a week to support regular bowel movements. This can be as simple as walking 10 to 15 minutes after each meal. 

1. Get more fiber. If you’re a woman, you should consume 25 grams of dietary fiber each day to prevent constipation. You should consume 38 grams of dietary fiber each day if you're a man. Try eating more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables to get more fiber. Beans, nuts, and seeds are also a great source of dietary fiber. Remember that consuming too much fiber is possible, particularly if you increase your intake suddenly. Excessive fiber can cause bloating, gas, and constipation. To avoid these issues, gradually introduce more fiber into your diet. 

1. Consider using Metamucil or a stool softener such as docusate sodium if necessary. But always check with your healthcare provider first. They can make sure it’s safe for you to take.

10. How do I manage nausea on tirzepatide?

Staying hydrated and eating small meals may help. Try to avoid spicy, greasy, or fried food. These foods can irritate the stomach lining and make nausea worse. If nausea persists or becomes severe, consulting with your healthcare provider is important, as they may recommend anti-nausea medications or adjust your tirzepatide dose. 

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

What is SS-31? Ela-mep-ra-tide

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic peptide that has gained attention in the scientific and medical communities for its potential role in treating various age-related and degenerative diseases. It is a small, mitochondria-targeting peptide specifically designed to protect and improve the function of mitochondria, the energy-producing "powerhouses" of our cells. 

Since mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to many chronic illnesses and the aging process, SS-31 has sparked interest in its potential to restore cellular energy and combat diseases at the cellular level.

In this podcast, we’ll discuss how SS-31 works and its potential benefits.

How Does SS-31 Work?

Mitochondria are essential for producing energy in cells through a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. During this process, mitochondria generate ATP, the primary energy source for most cellular functions. However, as we age or develop certain diseases, mitochondria can become less efficient, leading to oxidative stress and damage to cellular structures. This damage can result in various health issues, from muscle weakness to neurodegenerative diseases.

SS-31 directly interacts with cardiolipin, a key phospholipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin plays an essential role in maintaining mitochondrial structure and function. When mitochondria are stressed or damaged, cardiolipin can become dysfunctional. SS-31 binds to cardiolipin and helps stabilize it, protecting mitochondria from further damage. This stabilization improves mitochondrial efficiency, reduces oxidative stress, and enhances energy production.

Additionally, SS-31 helps reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmful molecules that can contribute to inflammation and cellular damage. By reducing oxidative stress, SS-31 may help prevent further damage to tissues and cells, slowing the progression of disease and the aging process.

Potential Benefits of SS-31

Research on SS-31 is still in the early stages, but some potential benefits of this peptide have been identified, particularly in the context of mitochondrial health and age-related diseases.

1. Improved Muscle Function

SS-31 has been shown to enhance muscle function, particularly in older adults or those with muscle-related diseases. By improving mitochondrial efficiency, SS-31 may help increase muscle strength and endurance, potentially benefiting conditions like sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) and muscular dystrophies.

2. Neuroprotection

Since mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, SS-31’s ability to stabilize mitochondria may offer neuroprotective effects. Early research suggests that SS-31 may help protect brain cells from oxidative damage and reduce inflammation, which could slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

3. Cardiovascular Health

SS-31 may also have potential benefits for heart health. By protecting mitochondria in cardiac cells, SS-31 could help prevent damage to the heart and improve its function. Some studies have explored its role in treating conditions like heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury, where mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role.

4. Anti-Aging Properties

Because mitochondrial damage is closely associated with aging, SS-31 may have anti-aging benefits. By improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress, SS-31 could help slow the aging process at the cellular level, promoting healthier aging and potentially extending lifespan.

5. Treatment of Metabolic Disorders

There is growing interest in SS-31’s potential to treat metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to insulin resistance, and improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 could enhance glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

6. Increased energy levels 

SS-31 peptide boosts energy by targeting and protecting mitochondria, the "powerhouses" of your cells. Mitochondria generate ATP, the main energy source for cellular functions. 

As we age or experience stress, mitochondrial efficiency declines, leading to fatigue and reduced cellular energy. SS-31 works by stabilizing the mitochondria, preventing oxidative damage, and improving ATP production. This results in increased cellular efficiency, allowing you to feel more energized. It's like upgrading an old car engine—it runs smoother, more efficiently, and with less strain, giving you more stamina throughout the day.

What to listen to next:

To learn more about how other peptides can help with neurodegenerative diseases, listen to our podcast discussing the potential use of GLP-1 agonists in Alzheimer’s disease and how they work or DIHEXA and cognitive health.

To learn more about how other peptides can help heart health, listen to our podcast about GLP-1 agonists in the context of post-MI management.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

Two of the most promising treatments for obesity in recent years are semaglutide, a GLP-1 agonist, and tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist. These peptides have garnered attention for their impressive efficacy in weight loss and metabolic improvement, but they differ in their mechanisms, dosing, side effects, and outcomes. In this podcast, we'll explore how these peptides compare.

Semaglutide and tirzepatide work in similar but slightly different ways for weight loss

Semaglutide works by mimicking glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone that is naturally released by the gut in response to food. GLP-1 helps regulate appetite by increasing the feeling of fullness (satiety), slowing gastric emptying, and reducing the body's insulin resistance. It also stimulates insulin secretion, which helps control blood sugar levels, making it useful not only for weight loss but also for managing type 2 diabetes.

Tirzepatide activates both GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. GIP is another hormone involved in insulin secretion, but it also plays a role in fat metabolism. By engaging both receptors, tirzepatide has a dual/additive impact: it not only boosts insulin sensitivity and appetite suppression (similar to semaglutide) but also enhances the body's ability to process fat and use it for energy — providing an added benefit for weight loss and metabolic health.

Tirzepatide may result in greater weight loss compared with semaglutide

Semaglutide has been shown to reduce body weight by 10-15% in most clinical trials, with some patients achieving even greater weight loss (up to 17% of total body weight). Additionally, it has proven effective in reducing blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity, making it a great option for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Tirzepatide has shown superior weight loss efficacy, with reductions of up to 20-25% of body weight in clinical trials. Its dual action on GLP-1 and GIP receptors may explain this enhanced efficacy. It also offers significant improvements in metabolic markers, including better glucose control and insulin sensitivity, which can especially benefit patients with obesity-related metabolic disorders (e.g., type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome)

Semaglutide and tirzepatide have different doses

Semaglutide is typically administered as a once-weekly injection. The dosing for weight loss starts at 0.25 mg per week and gradually increases in 4-week intervals to a maintenance dose of 2.4 mg per week. The gradual titration helps minimize side effects such as nausea. Sometimes, the semaglutide dose may be increased sooner than the 4-week interval based on the person’s response to the peptide.

Tirzepatide is also administered as a once-weekly injection. The dosing for weight loss starts at 2.5 mg per week and gradually increases to a maintenance dose of 5 mg to 7.5 mg per week, with some people requiring higher doses (10 mg, 12.5 mg, or 15 mg). The dose is generally increased based on patient tolerance, similar to semaglutide but shouldn’t be increased sooner than 4 weeks. 

Semaglutide and tirzepatide have similar side effects

Common side effects of semaglutide include:

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Constipation

• Headache

• Tiredness

These stomach-related side effects are usually temporary and go away on their own as the body adjusts to the medication. However, some people may experience more severe symptoms, necessitating a lower dose.

Tirzepatide shares many of the same side effects as semaglutide, including:

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Constipation

• Burping

• Flatulence

• Indigestion

Keep in mind:  Tirzepatide's side effects can sometimes be more pronounced, particularly during the dose-escalation phase. Some patients may also experience signs of low blood sugar, especially if used in combination with insulin.

Semaglutide may be a better option if you have heart disease

In March 2024, semaglutide received additional FDA approval for reducing cardiovascular risk in adults with heart disease who are overweight or obese. Clinical studies show that semaglutide reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events—such as heart attack, stroke, or cardiovascular death—by 20%.

Tirzepatide is currently being studied for similar cardiovascular benefits.

Semaglutide and tirzepatide may have benefits for other health conditions

Semaglutide has demonstrated positive outcomes in certain people with heart failure, and a recent study suggests potential kidney-related benefits for those with heart disease. It is also being studied as a treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), also known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a condition caused by excess fat accumulation in the liver.

Tirzepatide has shown promise for individuals with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and may receive approval for this use by late 2024. Additionally, it is under investigation for potential benefits in cardiovascular risk reduction, heart failure, MASH, and chronic kidney disease.

In summary:

• Mechanism: Semaglutide targets only GLP-1, while tirzepatide activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors.

• Efficacy: Tirzepatide has demonstrated superior weight loss results compared to semaglutide.

• Side Effects: Both drugs have similar stomach-related side effects, though tirzepatide may be more potent and have a higher incidence of certain symptoms.

• Dosing: Both are administered as weekly injections, but their doses differ.

Ultimately, the choice between these therapies will depend on individual patient needs, tolerance, and response to treatment. 

Someone might choose tirzepatide over semaglutide for weight loss due to its greater efficacy in achieving higher levels of weight reduction and its dual mechanism that offers additional metabolic benefits. Others choose to switch from semaglutide to tirzepatide if they hit a weight loss plateau despite changing nutrition and physical activity habits.

When it comes down to it, it’s a personal choice. 

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and a decline in the ability to perform daily tasks (e.g., planning and organizing). It can also affect mood and personality and impair judgment and language. Research has shown that Alzheimer’s results from amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissue, which affect communication between brain neurons. 

The quest for effective treatments remains a high priority. Among the promising therapeutic avenues being investigated, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) agonists, traditionally used for managing type 2 diabetes and weight, have garnered significant attention for their potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease. In this podcast, we’ll discuss the potential use of GLP-1 agonists in Alzheimer’s disease and how they work.

Understanding GLP-1 Agonists

GLP-1 agonists are a class of medications primarily used to enhance insulin secretion and improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. They mimic the effects of the natural hormone GLP-1, which is involved in glucose metabolism and appetite regulation. Besides their glucose-lowering properties, GLP-1 agonists have been observed to have various effects beyond glucose control, including neuroprotective properties.

Mechanisms of Action of GLP-1 Agonists in Alzheimer's Disease

1. Neuroprotection: GLP-1 agonists have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. They may help protect neurons from damage and death, which is crucial in a disease characterized by widespread neuronal loss. The mechanisms through which GLP-1 agonists provide neuroprotection include reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis (cell death).

2. Amyloid Beta and Tau Pathology: Alzheimer's disease is marked by the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles in the brain. Some studies suggest that GLP-1 agonists might influence the pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid beta deposition and tau phosphorylation. While these effects have been observed in animal models, translating these findings to human patients requires further research.

3. Cognitive Function: Clinical trials and studies have explored the impact of GLP-1 agonists on cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients. Preliminary results are promising, with some research indicating that GLP-1 agonists may improve cognitive function and slow cognitive decline. This effect is thought to be linked to the drugs’ ability to enhance neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons) and synaptic plasticity (the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time).

4. Metabolic Regulation: Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with metabolic dysfunctions, including insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. GLP-1 agonists, by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation. This might address some of these metabolic abnormalities, potentially offering an additional benefit in managing Alzheimer’s disease.

Clinical Evidence and Future Directions

Research into the use of GLP-1 agonists for Alzheimer’s disease is still in its infancy, and larger, well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in this new context.

Moreover, while GLP-1 agonists show promise, they are not without side effects, including stomach-related side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and constipation. As such, their use in Alzheimer’s disease will require careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile for individual patients.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

In the journey of weight loss, everyone eventually reaches a plateau, even when using newer GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Zepbound). This phase is where the body finds a new set point and weight. During this plateau, some individuals may experience a gradual increase in appetite or “food noise”, while others can maintain their current state. Other metabolic markers like blood pressure and A1c, stabilize or only fluctuate slightly.

It’s important to remember that everyone will plateau. And it’s impossible to predict the specific timing, percentage of weight loss, or speed at which a person will reach their plateau when they start a GLP-1 agonist. 

What do the studies say? Clinical studies show that this plateau typically occurs a little over a year (about 60 weeks) into treatment with semaglutide. However, a common myth is that if you hit a weight loss plateau while using these medications, it means they are no longer working. And this myth can lead to unnecessary frustration and discontinuation of treatment. 

I like to remind patients that reaching a new set point is a common phenomenon in many health conditions. For example, a patient on blood pressure medication will not become hypotensive indefinitely, and similarly, blood glucose levels will not decrease indefinitely with diabetes medications. So it should be no surprise that you won’t lose weight indefinitely while taking a GLP-1 agonist. This evolutionary mechanism is essential for protecting the body against extremes. 

In this podcast, we’ll talk about strategies to move past the weight loss plateau if you haven’t yet met your weight loss goal. 

Understanding Weight Loss Plateaus

A weight loss plateau occurs when you stop losing weight despite maintaining your diet and exercise routine. This is a common experience for many people on a weight loss journey, regardless of whether they are using GLP-1 agonists or not. Several factors can contribute to a plateau:

• Metabolic Adaptation: As you lose weight, your metabolism slows down because your body requires fewer calories to maintain a smaller body size.

• Reduced Caloric Deficit: You may lose weight quickly initially, but as you progress, the caloric deficit narrows, slowing down weight loss.

• Water Retention and Muscle Gain: Changes in water balance and muscle mass can temporarily affect weight measurements.

• Behavioral Factors: Over time, adherence to diet and exercise routines can wane, impacting progress.

Why GLP-1 Agonists Are Still Effective During a Plateau

GLP-1 agonists continue to work by regulating appetite, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting satiety. These mechanisms support long-term weight management and metabolic health, even if weight loss temporarily stalls. Plateaus do not negate these ongoing health benefits.

Strategies to Overcome a Weight Loss Plateau

1. Reevaluate Your Caloric Intake: As you lose weight, your caloric needs decrease. Adjust your daily caloric intake to reflect your new body weight and activity level. Consider consulting a dietitian to ensure your nutrition plan is optimal.

2. Increase Physical Activity: Incorporate more physical activity into your routine. Adding strength training can help build muscle, which can boost metabolism. When we lose weight, we lose both muscle and fat. Physical activity is crucial during a weight loss journey because it helps preserve lean muscle mass and boosts metabolism, ensuring that the weight loss is primarily fat rather than muscle.

3. Monitor Macronutrient Balance: Ensure you are consuming the right balance of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Protein, in particular, can help preserve muscle mass and promote satiety.

4. Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration is essential for overall health and can aid in weight loss. Sometimes, perceived plateaus are due to water retention, which can be mitigated by drinking adequate water.

5. Manage Stress and Sleep: Stress and poor sleep can negatively impact weight loss. Incorporate stress-reducing activities such as mindfulness, yoga, or hobbies you enjoy, and aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night.

6. Review Medication Adherence: Ensure you are taking your GLP-1 agonist as prescribed. Consistency is key to reaping the full benefits of the medication. Both semaglutide and tirzepatide should be taken once weekly. 

7. Be Patient and Persistent: Understand that plateaus are a normal part of the journey. Patience and persistence are crucial. Celebrate non-scale victories, such as improved energy levels, better blood sugar and blood pressure control, and enhanced overall health.

8. Increase Dose: Increasing the dose of a GLP-1 agonist may be necessary for some individuals, but it isn't always the solution. Some individuals may need dosage adjustments more frequently than every four weeks for optimal results. The goal is to find the optimal dose at which you continue to lose weight gradually, experience appetite suppression, and have minimal to no side effects.

For those taking GLP-1 agonists for weight loss without making any changes to their nutrition or physical activity levels, it's important to understand that maximizing the medication's benefits and achieving sustainable results largely depend on adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise routine.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.

One common misconception about GLP-1 agonists, such as semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Zepbound), is that once you start taking them, you can never stop. This myth can deter individuals from considering these highly effective medications for weight loss. 

In this podcast, we’ll debunk this myth and provide a clearer understanding of how GLP-1 agonists can be included in a comprehensive health plan.

Understanding the Role of GLP-1 Agonists

GLP-1 agonists help with weight loss and diabetes management by:

• Reducing appetite and promoting feelings of fullness.

• Slowing gastric emptying, leading to longer periods of satiety.

• Enhancing insulin sensitivity and lowering blood glucose levels. 

These effects make it easier for individuals to adhere to a healthy diet and lifestyle, leading to weight loss and improved metabolic health.

Can You Stop Taking GLP-1 Agonists?

Yes, you can stop taking GLP-1 agonists, but there are important considerations:

1. Risk of Weight Regain: Stopping GLP-1 agonists without a plan may lead to weight regain. This is because the medication's appetite-suppressing and metabolic effects will decrease, making it harder to maintain a calorie deficit and consume smaller portions.

2. Lifestyle Changes: To sustain weight loss after stopping GLP-1 agonists, individuals must continue to follow healthy eating habits, engage in regular physical activity, and make other lifestyle modifications (e.g., focus on stress management, sleep, and fixing hormonal imbalances).

3. Gradual Transition: In some cases, a gradual reduction in dosage may be recommended to help the body adjust and minimize the risk of weight regain.

4. Medical Supervision: Before discontinuing GLP-1 agonists, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider. They can provide guidance on how to transition off the medication and implement strategies to maintain weight loss.

Successful Maintenance After Stopping GLP-1 Agonists

To successfully maintain weight loss after stopping GLP-1 agonists, consider the following strategies:

• Regular Monitoring: Keep regular appointments with your healthcare provider to monitor weight and metabolic health.

• Healthy Diet: Continue following a balanced diet rich in whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. You’ll also want to focus on the order in which you eat certain foods: starting with vegetables, then lean proteins and healthy fats, and finally, complex carbohydrates. This will help keep your blood sugar levels stable, avoiding spikes and crashes in energy.

• Hydration: Did you know that dehydration is often confused with hunger? The general rule is to take your weight in pounds and divide the number in half. This is about how many ounces of water you should drink daily.

• Physical Activity: Regular exercise can increase energy levels, enhance sleep quality, and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. It also helps alleviate chronic pain and stress, leading to improved mood and overall well-being. But most importantly, regular exercise helps prevent the loss of lean muscle mass and in turn boosts our metabolism. Engage in regular physical activity, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. 

• Behavioral Strategies: Use behavioral strategies to manage emotional eating and stress, such as mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), or joining a support group.

• Set Realistic Goals: Set realistic and achievable goals for weight maintenance and overall health.

Thanks again for listening to The Peptide Podcast. We love having you as part of our community. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family on social media, and have a happy, healthy week!

We're huge advocates of elevating your health game with nutrition, supplements, and vitamins. Whether it's a daily boost or targeted support, we trust and use Momentous products to supercharge our wellness journey. 

Momentous only uses the highest-quality ingredients, and every single product is rigorously tested by independent third parties to ensure their products deliver on their promise to bring you the best supplements on the market.