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• The brain is an electrical system that uses lipids to facilitate firing but uses glucose for energy
• The brain prefers glucose as the predominant source of energy via GLUT1; the rest of the body uses GLUT4 (insulin-regulated transporter)
• The brain does its best to regulate glucose content, not dependent on insulin signaling
• When glucose is not available, the brain extracts all ketone bodies from fatty acids outside the brain to maintain itself  
• Historically, ApoE4 was associated with better outcomes prenatally and against parasite and disease – that changed as more movement, interbreeding, and dietary challenges took place
• “If you have two copies of ApoE4, your chance of getting Alzheimer’s disease increases 12-fold. If you have one copy of ApoE4 your chance of getting Alzheimer’s increase 2-4 fold” – Dr. Hussein Yassine
• Unlike ApoA or ApoB you can’t make an assumption about the function of ApoE based on its concentration
• Ancestral diets rich with meat supported richness of ApoE4 – moving to a plant-based diet, increase in carbs supported ApoE 2 and ApoE 3 because they support GLUT1 expression
• We rely on diet to get omega-3s: the human body doesn’t have an efficient system to make EPA and DHA
• “Omega-3 fatty acids are important for the brain, we can’t make them efficiently, and we’re not consuming enough of them.” – Dr. Hussein Yassine
• There isn’t enough evidence to suggest supplementing with omega-3s but there is enough to suggest eating one serving of fatty fish per week

We discuss:

• Hussein’s Background and introduction to brain composition (3:00);
• The blood-brain barrier and brain filtration (8:00);
• Lipids and brain function (13:00);
• How the brain utilizes energy (18:00);
• Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) structure and function in the periphery (27:30);
• ApoE function in the brain (38:15);
• Evolutionary origins of ApoE isoforms (43:45);
• ApoE4 variant and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk (53:30);
• Dietary fuel preference with the ApoE4 allele (1:03:00);
• The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the brain (1:13:30);
• Comparing findings from the REDUCE-IT and STRENGTH trial (1:21:45):
• The relationship between dietary omega-3 intake and brain health (1:34:15);
• Preventing cognitive decline: A critical window for DHA in ApoE4 carriers? (1:42:30);
• Hussein’s ongoing research and recommendations for E4 carriers (1:54:00); and
• More.

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• The Americanization of the world is undeniable but the consequences of it haven’t been fully reckoned with
  • “When America sneezes, the world catches a cold” – Klemens von Metternich
• Keeping up with the news is a net negative for the vast majority of people
  • This is not to say you shouldn’t be aware of what’s happening in the world, but that there are healthy and unhealthy degrees of media engagement  
• On February 26, 2019, Zuby went viral for this tweet
  • Weeks later he was being contacted by the BBC, Fox News, and even Joe Rogan to talk about the tweet
• If you never stop moving forward then you are guaranteed one of two results: either you reach your destination or you die trying
  • Once you determine your destination then anything in the way just becomes a hurdle to surmount 
  • There is no reason not to take risks and pursue your dreams if you live in the West and your basic needs are covered 
• “Recognize that you have potential and you are nowhere close to where you could be in any regard” – Zuby

Zuby is an independent rapper, podcast host, author, public speaker and creative entrepreneur, with over 500,000 followers online. He was born in England, raised in Saudi Arabia, and graduated from Oxford University. In this conversation, we spoke about his childhood, his "overnight success," and the Americanization of the world.

Enjoyed this episode? You'll also like my free weekly newsletter – Tuesday Treasure.

• Chamath sees inequality as the biggest risk to democracy
  • His solution? Teach people about the importance of saving and investing 
    • “I think the key to peace and prosperity today…is to close the inequality gap and to close the inequality gap is to show people everyday normal people, how they can earn and save and invest and be a part of capital, not just be a part of labor.” – Chamath Palihapitiya
• The 3 biggest issues Chamath is trying to fix: 
  • 1) Inequality
    • Solution: Help people become part of the capital class by having the government invest $2,000 into the market when they’re born
  • 2) Climate change
    • Solution: Create environmental security so people have access to water and a plant-based diet
  • 3) Education
    • Solution: Instead of having students rack up $120,000-250,000 in student loans and then graduating with no meaningful chance of employment, a better alternative to student debt would be an ISA (income share agreement) 
• Chamath shares his one-page thesis on his investments to show people that being smart doesn’t always require complexity and to give retail investors a chance to invest alongside him 
•  The biggest reason why Chamath loves about SPACs is that it gives folks who can do the diligence themselves, the chance to get into an IPO book which they otherwise would never get the opportunity for
  • “It is the single most powerful way to allow normal, ordinary folks to cross the chasm between labor and capital’ – Chamath Palihapitiya
• Things Chamath would change if he were president:
  • Introduce a carbon tax
  • Cut personal taxes
  • Raise corporate tax
  • Create massive incentives to rebuild an entire economy that’s focused on climate change, technology, and biotechnology

My guest today is Chamath Palihapitiya, the founder and CEO of Social Capital, whose mission is to advance humanity by solving the world's hardest problems. I didn't know where this conversation would take us given Chamath's wide-ranging activities and interests but I think it provides an interesting glimpse into some of his core beliefs and the source of his drive. In our wide-ranging discussion we cover potential paths to closing the income inequality gap, how to manage one's personal psychology, his perspective on "value investing", and tackling climate change. I hope you enjoy my conversation with Chamath Palihapitiya. 

For the full show notes, transcript, and links to mentioned content, check out https://www.joincolossus.com/episodes/33654465/palihapitiya-the-major-problems-facing-the-world.

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This episode is brought to you by Tegus. Tegus has built the most extensive primary information platform available for investors.

With Tegus, you can learn everything you’d want to know about a company in an on-demand digital platform. Investors share their expert calls, allowing others to instantly access more than 10,000 calls on Affirm, Teladoc, Roblox, or almost any company of interest. Visit https://www.tegus.co/patrick to learn more.

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Invest Like the Best is a property of Colossus Inc. For more episodes of Invest Like the Best, go to https://www.joincolossus.com/episodes. 

Stay up to date on all our podcasts by signing up to Colossus Weekly, our quick dive every Sunday highlighting the top business and investing concepts from our podcasts and the best of what we read that week. Sign up at https://www.joincolossus.com/newsletter.

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Show Notes

[00:03:13] – [First question] – His experience with debt and how he approaches personal finance

[00:09:13] – Attacking the problem of perpetual income inequality

[00:12:06] – Reaching the right people to fix the problem

[00:15:04] – A for profit business to solve the problem of income inequality

[00:19:18] – Traps he has beaten and hasn’t beaten in his finances

[00:22:15] – Chamath’s focus on family, friends, memories, and legacy

[00:25:01] – Big issues of our time; inequality, climate change, improving education

[00:29:28] – Lessons learned from Social Capital 1.0, allocating funds for himself and others

[00:32:33] – The balance between data and the qualitative analysis of companies

[00:35:26] – Insights into businesses beyond the investments he makes

[00:40:29] – Absurdities in the value investing style

[00:43:32] – Benefits of SPAC investing and opportunities for late-stage entrepreneurs

[00:45:06] – Traits in managers that he invests in

[00:47:20] – What he’s learned about combatting climate change

[00:51:40] – Thoughts on the supply chain, specifically as Americans

[00:54:35] – Company life cycles and innovation

[00:57:15] – What is most broken in the capital markets system

[00:58:58] – Fixing healthcare

[01:01:36] – Fixing climate change as President for a day

[01:02:06] – Messaging effectively

[01:03:14] – Is he a “main character” in the investing world

[01:04:06] – Tweeting a picture of himself as a kid

[01:04:42] – Kindest thing anyone has done for him

• You are always competing
  • Even choosing to do nothing is a competitive decision
  • The ideal is taking small actions to receive feedback on how to act next
  • “Each decision is a hypothesis that gets tested in the real world when we act” MCDP 1-4
• The Importance of Humility
  • In leadership positions, you often have to guess, and then, be willing to change your plan
    • Very rarely you have perfect information for a decision
  • If you’re not humble you won’t be open to modify your plan
• Marines aim to strategically prevent violent confrontations through their professionalism
  • Developing capabilities to discourage potential enemies
  • Building relationship to strengthen themselves and their allies
• “Education is a primary method for Marines to sustain competitive advantage over time” MCDP 1-4
• Once you obtain a competitive advantage you can never get complacent
  • Competitors are always trying to erode your advantage
  • They may not challenge you directly but they will try to slowly weaken you
    • If you are not aware of the competition happening you’ll be manipulated
  • Russia and China are clear examples of indirect competition trying to outmaneuver the US

0:00:00 - Opening

0:12:09 - MCDP 1-4 Competing. Chapter 3

1:36:11 - Final Thoughts.

1:51:59 - How to stay on THE PATH.

2:08:31 - Closing Gratitude.

Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/jocko-podcast/exclusive-content

Acne, Weight Gain, Facial Hair, Hair Loss, Infertility: Is PCOS The Cause? | This episode is sponsored by Kettle & Fire and Dr. Hyman’s Sleep Master Class

PCOS, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, affects between 5 to 10 percent of all women. PCOS symptoms include irregular or heavy periods, acne, facial hair, scalp hair loss, increased belly fat, and increased levels of testosterone. It is also strongly correlated with infertility. While conventional medicine typically views PCOS as a gynecological issue, it is actually commonly driven by things such as diet, environmental toxins, genetics, and more.

In this episode, Dr. Hyman sits down with Dr. Elizabeth Boham to discuss the Functional Medicine approach to treating patients with PCOS. They delve into topics including the relationship between PCOS and insulin resistance, gut health, and much more.

Elizabeth Boham is a physician and nutritionist who practices functional medicine at The UltraWellness Center in Lenox, MA. Through her practice and lecturing she has helped thousands of people achieve their goals of optimum health and wellness. She witnesses the power of nutrition every day in her practice and is committed to training other physicians to utilize nutrition in healing. Dr. Boham has contributed to many articles and wrote the latest chapter on Obesity for the Rankel Textbook of Family Medicine. She is part of the faculty of the Institute for Functional Medicine and has been featured on the Dr. Oz show and in a variety of publications and media including Huffington Post, The Chalkboard Magazine, and Experience Life. Her DVD Breast Wellness: Tools to Prevent and Heal from Breast Cancer explores the functional medicine approach to keeping your breasts and whole body well.

This episode is sponsored by Kettle & Fire and Dr. Hyman’s Sleep Master Class.

Right now, you can get 25% off Kettle & Fire bone broth plus free shipping. Just head over to kettleandfire.com/hyman and use the code HYMAN.

In this modern world we place too much value on staying busy and deprioritizing sleep, which is why Dr. Hyman created his first ever Master Class. It guides you through the most important steps to getting better sleep, starting today. Get free access to Dr. Hyman’s Sleep Master Class at drhyman.com/sleep. 

In this conversation, Dr. Hyman and Dr. Boham discuss:

• The continuum of symptoms that can occur with PCOS

• The role that insulin and insulin resistance plays in PCOS

• How conventional medicine treats PCOS

• Common drivers of PCOS, including diet, environmental toxins, genetics, and more

• The hormone/gut microbiome connection

• The Functional Medicine approach to treating and testing for PCOS

• How dairy affects hormones and can cause acne and digestion problems

• PCOS and infertility

Additional Resources

The Fertility Diet: Groundbreaking Research Reveals Natural Ways to Boost Ovulation and Improve Your Chances of Getting Pregnant

https://www.amazon.com/Fertility-Diet-Groundbreaking-Research-Ovulation/dp/0071627103

A Simple Diet Experiment That May Solve Most Of Your Health Issues with Lisa Dreher

https://drhyman.com/blog/2020/08/22/podcast-hc24/

Clara’s Case Study: Overcoming Infertility

https://www.ultrawellnesscenter.com/2018/09/05/claras-case-study-overcoming-infertility/

Why Most Everything We Were Told About Dairy Is Wrong

https://drhyman.com/blog/2020/08/19/podcast-ep131/

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