We are thrilled to partner with Laborie to bring you this episode of the Prostate Health Podcast.

In Episode 91, we introduced the Optilume® procedure, a cutting-edge new solution for an enlarged prostate, or BPH, that requires no heating, cutting, or permanent implantation. Today, we bring you the story of how Dr. Sijo Parekattil, a leading urologist specializing in cutting-edge treatments for men with BPH, was approached by Vinit, his closest friend, who was struggling with the effects of an enlarged prostate. 

Dr. Sijo Parekattil is the Director of Avant Concierge Urology in Winter Garden, Florida, and an Associate Professor of Urology at the University of Central Florida. He was an electrical engineer before undergoing his medical training, and he was fascinated by surgical techniques incorporating technology, robotics, and microsurgery. 

Dr. Parekattil completed his urology residency training at Albany Medical Center and dual fellowship training in laparoscopy, robotic surgery, microsurgery, and male infertility at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Cleveland. He is among the elite urologists in the United States still positioned at the forefront of new technology, particularly for managing benign prostate enlargement. 

We are delighted to have Dr. Parekattil and his close friend, Vinit, joining us on the podcast today and have Vinit share his prostate journey with our listeners. Stay tuned to learn about his experience undergoing the innovative new Optilume® BPH procedure.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• Vinit explains the symptoms he experienced that began to affect his quality of life

• Dr. Parekattil discusses the tests he performed to obtain more information about Vinit ’s condition

• Vinit shares his experience of the initial testing

• How they selected a treatment option for Vinit 

• What is Optilume® BPH, and how does it work?

• How Vinit ended up becoming Dr. Parekattil’s first Optilume®BPH patient

• Vinit shares his experience with the Optilume® BPH procedure 

• Vinit describes his recovery after the Optilume® BPH procedure

• Vinit explains how his prostate journey began

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Laborie

​​Optilume® BPH 

Avant Concierge Urology

Dr. Sijo J. Parekattil

We are delighted to partner with Cortechs.ai to bring you this episode of the Prostate Health Podcast.

Prostate MRI has become a valuable tool in enhancing the detection, localization, and staging of prostate cancer. However, current protocols come with various challenges, like inconsistent accuracy, a significant rate of missed clinically significant prostate cancers, and considerable variability in how different radiologists interpret the results.

We are thrilled to have Brittany Hunt, the head of Prostate Business Development at Cortechs.ai, joining us on the show today to introduce OnQ Prostate, an innovative new prostate MRI solution.

OnQ Prostate is an FDA-cleared software solution, designed to improve the precision, consistency, and reproducibility of prostate MRI. It will enable more accurate targeting and, ultimately, better treatment outcomes.

Join us as Brittany dives into this groundbreaking new technology, highlighting its advantages for patients and urologists, and explaining how it will help connect patients, referring physicians, and radiologists far more effectively.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• Brittany reviews some of the ongoing limitations of existing prostate MRIs

• Brittany explains what OnQ Prostate is

• How OnQ Prostate makes it much easier for prostate lesions to be seen

• The benefits of OnQ Prostate for urologists and their patients 

• How OnQ Prostate works as a software add-on for existing MRI systems

• The multiple advantages of using the OnQ Prostate system for prostate cancer detection

• Why OnQ Prostate will help to bridge the gaps between patients, referring physicians, and radiologists

• How OnQ Prostate will help urologists become more accurate in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer 

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitterand Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

OnQ Prostate Website  

Brittany Hunt on LinkedIn 

Email Brittany Hunt: [email protected] 

We are delighted to partner with Procept BioRobotics to bring you this episode of the Prostate Health Podcast.

The primary reason men consult urologists is due to an enlarged prostate. 

With June being Men's Health Month, we are thrilled to welcome urologist Dr. Jennifer Lloyd-Harris on the podcast today to discuss Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a significant health issue for men, and we are excited to inform listeners about a groundbreaking water-based technology to bring men relief from their symptoms. We also have Ken, a patient of Dr. Lloyd-Harris, joining us to share his journey with BPH and his experience with the innovative aquablation procedure.

Dr. Lloyd-Harris is a board-certified urologist at the Penn Medicine Urology Center in Philadelphia. She completed her urology residency training at the University of Wisconsin and now manages both benign and malignant urologic conditions. She has received training in minimally invasive surgery and the medical and surgical treatment of urinary problems and benign enlargement of the prostate. Her goal is to provide high-quality, up-to-date, and comprehensive patient-centered urologic care, and she is committed to building meaningful relationships with her patients through communication and passion.

Stay tuned as Dr. Lloyd-Harris shares her insights on BPH and utilizing the aquablation procedure for treating its symptoms.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• Dr. Lloyd-Harris explains what BPH is

• Some of the symptoms men may experience from BPH.

• Complications that could occur in men with an enlarged prostate

• The issues Dr. Lloyd-Harris has seen with some of the initial treatment options for men with BPH

• The factors Dr. Lloyd-Harris takes into account when guiding men with treatment selections for BPH

• Dr. Lloyd-Harris explains how aquablation technology works.

• Dr. Lloyd-Harris shares her initial motivation for utilizing aquablation technology.

• Which men would be considered appropriate candidates for aquablation?

• What men can expect with the aquablation procedure 

• Some of the risks that may be associated with the aquablation procedure

• Ken shares his experience with aquablation therapy and explains how he was able to return to work just two weeks after having the procedure done.

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Procept BioRobotics

Penn Medicine Urology Center

Men have many challenges to deal with when battling prostate cancer, including managing the side effects of their treatment. 

One common issue men face after a radical prostatectomy is erectile dysfunction. As June is Men's Health Month, we are fortunate to have men's health expert Dr. Helen Bernie joining us today to provide a modern perspective on restoring erectile function post-prostatectomy through penile rehabilitation.

Dr. Bernie is a board-certified and fellowship-trained urologist. She is the Director of Sexual and Reproductive Medicine, the Andrology Fellowship Program Director, and the Assistant Professor of Urology at the Indiana University School of Medicine, where she teaches medical students. She is passionate about men's health, cancer survivorship, and fertility preservation, and she treats all aspects of men's health, including male sexual dysfunctions and infertility. Dr. Bernie completed her residency in urology at the University of Rochester Medical Center and did a two-year fellowship in sexual and reproductive medicine at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre and New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical College. She has presented award-winning research on sexual medicine, testosterone replacement, prostate cancer, and male fertility.

Stay tuned as Dr. Bernie shares her expert insights and practical advice on how men can reclaim their sexual health after prostate cancer treatment.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• How prostate removal or prostate cancer may affect men’s sexual function

• How often does erectile dysfunction occur after a radical prostatectomy?

• Dr. Bernie shares some of the many options available for men to regain erectile function after a prostatectomy.

• Some of the barriers that exist in instituting penile rehabilitation

• Dr. Bernie shares her current approach to penile rehabilitation. 

• Why it is crucial for anyone diagnosed with prostate cancer or experiencing erectile dysfunction to find out what a penile rehabilitation program is and what it involves.

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Indiana University School of Medicine  

Indiana University Andrology Fellowship Program

Indiana University Urology Services

We are delighted to partner with Olympus America for this episode of the Prostate Health Podcast.

Minimally invasive surgical therapies (MIST) have revolutionized treatment options for men suffering from symptoms of an enlarged prostate. So, we are excited to have urologist Dr. Rahul Mehan joining us today to bring our listeners up to speed on the iTind™ procedure.

Dr. Mehan is a nationally recognized expert in minimally invasive urology treatments and the Founder of East Valley Urology Center in Mesa, Arizona. In his practice, he provides state-of-the-art urologic care, using the latest technology to improve the quality of life of his patients. He led several workshops at the national meeting of the American Urologic Association in San Antonio earlier this year and frequently gets invited to teach surgery across the US. He is also a social media influencer, providing enjoyable educational content.

Stay tuned as Dr. Mehan shares the low-down on the iTind™ procedure, highlighting its safety and explaining how it provides rapid symptomatic relief while preserving the sexual function of men with enlarged prostates.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Pertinent disclosure for today’s episode – Dr. Mehan is a paid consultant for Olympus. The following are the opinions of Dr. Mehan based upon his education and personal experiences and are not those of Olympus.

Show Highlights:

• Explanation of what the iTind™ device is 

• Dr. Mehan was one of the first urologists to utilize the iTind™ technology in his region.

• How men have recently been taking a stance against medications with sexual side effects

• Which men are ideal iTind™ candidates?

• What are the risks associated with theiTind™ procedure?

• How the iTind™differs from other currently available MIST interventions 

• Expectations from the iTind™procedure 

• What recovery looks like after the iTind™ procedure, in terms of device removal, potential limitations, and symptomatic improvement

• Dr. Mehan shares some of the clinical pearls he gained from his iTind™ experience.

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Olympus America

iTind™

East Valley Urology Center, Mesa, Arizona

We are delighted to partner with Soundable Health for our milestone 100th episode of the Prostate Health Podcast!

Did you know that you can now monitor the health of your prostate and bladder in the comfort of your home? 

We have a special guest, Dr. Catherine Song, joining us today to introduce and guide you through the features of a cutting-edge new mobile app called proudP, which has demonstrated its value for men as a personal prostate health monitor, and for urologists, providing valuable uroflow data without the need for expensive and cumbersome equipment.

Dr. Song is the Founder and CEO of Soundable Health, a digital health startup developing digital audible biomarkers. Dr. Song has a Ph.D. in electrical and electronics engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. She brings a wealth of experience to the show, having served previously as the Chief Operating Officer at HUINNO, a Boston Seoul-based digital health startup, and as a member of the digital health advisory committee at the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety for two years. She also spent over ten years as a Senior Strategic Operations Manager at Lam Research Corporation, a NASDAQ company and global leader in semiconductor equipment, and in various technology and product leadership roles in LG Electronics in the high technology and consumer electronics field. 

Stay tuned to learn all you need to know about the innovative new proudP mobile app.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• Dr. Song explains how AI detects subtle changes in urine flow and sound to measure flow speed and amount with proudP

• Dr. Song shares the story behind proudP

• The limitations of office-based uroflow practices

• The accuracy of the uroflow data captured with proudP

• Why objective data is essential for BPH treatments

• The implications for urologists of implementing the proudP technology within the urology space 

• Where can the proudP app be obtained?

Links: 

Get your free What To Expect Guide or find the link on our podcast website. 

Join our Facebook group. 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram. (@gpohlmanmd)

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Soundable Health

proudP

I was recently honored to be a guest speaker among the innovators, stakeholders, and pioneering minds in managing benign prostate hyperplasia at the annual assembly of the Society of Benign Prostate Disease, held in Dallas this February. 

Today, I am delighted to have one of the Society of Benign Prostate Disease board of directors, Dr. Kevin Zorn, joining me to share an insider perspective as we review the key takeaways from the meeting and bring you up to speed on the latest technologies for evaluating and managing BPH. We will also offer a sneak peek into several new advancements coming down the pipeline. 

Dr. Kevin Zorn, from the BPH Canada Clinic in Montreal, is a board-certified urologist and former Associate Professor of Urology at the Universities of Montreal and Chicago, sub-specializing in robotic surgery and BPH surgical care. Throughout his career, Dr. Zorn has been committed to research and innovation. He was the first in Canada and Quebec to use many new BPH technologies, including Greenlight XPS, Rezum, ITind, Optilume, and aquablation.

Dr. Zorn is a senior author of the BPH guidelines for the Canadian Urological Association, having authored 345 peer-reviewed publications and 12 book chapters on BPH and minimally invasive surgical care. He has lectured, taught, and practiced surgery globally and is intimately involved in developing several new pioneering BPH technologies.

Stay tuned for the latest insights and breakthroughs as we unveil the future of BPH management.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• Dr. Zorn shares some highlights from his presentation on the evaluation of BPH in the modern clinic setting

• How new technology, like mobile apps and point-of-care ultrasound, can improve the diagnosis and treatment times for BPH

• Explanation of the UroCuff technology

• Discussion of the latest technology that has been available over the last year for interventional management of BPH

• The importance of knowing the personal preferences of patients when selecting their treatment options for BPH

• The benefits of aquablation technology

• Dr. Zorn discusses the evolution of BPH treatment

• Why urologists must remain flexible in their approach to BPH care

• The importance stay up-to-date with the latest BPH technology and guidelines

• The potential of AI to empower urologists and improve patient care

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

BPH Canada 

Society of Benign Prostate Disease

Weighing the possible side effects of prostate cancer treatments while considering various treatment options can be a daunting challenge for men and their loved ones.

We are excited to partner with BioProtect for this episode, with our distinguished guest, Dr. Jonathan Tward, a Radiation Oncologist and tenured professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Utah Health. Dr. Tward will fill us in on a progressive new technology that aims to minimize both short and long-term side effects of radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Dr. Tward is a highly regarded authority and key opinion leader in the management of prostate cancer. He earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry at UCLA, a Medical Degree at Tufts University in Boston, and he completed his radiation oncology residency training at the University of Utah. He holds the Vincent P. and Janet Manzini Presidential Endowed Chair at Huntsman Cancer Institute in genitourinary malignancies.

Dr. Tward specializes in delivering precisely targeted radiation therapy for numerous genitourinary malignancies, including prostate cancer. He utilizes various advanced technologies, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, image-guided radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and low and high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Dr. Tward has contributed to over 100 published peer-reviewed journal articles. He also actively serves on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines committees for prostate, bladder, and penile cancers.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Links:

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Connect with Dr. Tward

Dr. Jonathan D. Tward

BioProtect

BioTech Balloon Spacer Procedure Video

Symmetry, Visibility, and Control: The Advantages of the BioProtect Balloon in Prostate Cancer Treatment - Edward Soffen VideoAvailable Rectal Spacer Options for Patients With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radiation Therapy Video

Urology Times Video

Low testosterone is a burning issue. It remains a widely debated topic and is a common dilemma for men, especially as they age.

We are thrilled to get the ball rolling for the 2024 Prostate Health Podcast season with two fantastic guests to discuss strategies for hormonal optimization.

Doctors Amy and Michelle Pearlman are sisters. Dr. Amy Pearlman is a board-certified urologist specializing in male sexual and hormonal health and genital reconstruction. She did her urology residency at the University of Pennsylvania and her fellowship training in urologic reconstruction, prosthetic urology, and infertility at Wake Forest University. Even though she trained as a surgeon, her primary mission lies in educating individuals about fundamental aspects of their bodies to foster health-conscious behaviors, optimize their health, and support them in living their most authentic lives.

Dr. Michelle Pearlman is a board-certified gastroenterologist and obesity medicine specialist. She did her residency training at the University of California San Diego and a gastroenterology fellowship at the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas. As a board-certified gastroenterologist, she understands the significance of maintaining gut health concerning dietary habits and sustaining a healthy weight. 

This dynamic sibling duo brings a wealth of knowledge to our podcast, shedding light on both urology and gastroenterology perspectives for a holistic approach to well-being and offering valuable insights into hormonal optimization.

Whether you are navigating the challenges of low testosterone or simply seeking ways to live your best life in 2024 and beyond, this episode is a must-listen. Stay tuned for valuable insights to enhance your health in the new year!

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• How the urology and gastroenterology fields complement each other

• How obesity impacts testosterone levels

• The active and extremely inflammatory role fat cells play in the body

• How does exercise affect testosterone levels in men?

• Foods that support testosterone production and weight loss

• How weight loss and stress management impact hormonal health, including testosterone levels

• How the microbiome influences the brain

• What are the available options for testosterone therapy?

• How investing in your health today will help you avoid sickness later 

The wisdom Dr. Amy Pearlman and Dr. Michelle Pearlman share today provides a foundation for informed decisions and a holistic approach to your health journey. 

Thank you for joining us! We look forward to bringing you more enriching discussions in upcoming episodes.

Links: 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd 

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Connect with Dr. Michelle Pearlman and Dr. Amy Pearlman 

Prime Institute  

https://www.rethinktestosterone.com/

https://www.kyzatrex.com/

https://pearlmanmds.com/amy-pearlman-md/

https://www.primeinstitute.us/

Do you know that prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in American men, following skin cancer? A new diagnosis of prostate cancer occurs every two minutes.

We are delighted to partner with Oxford Biodynamics for today’s episode with Dr. Robert Heaton, who joins us to discuss a ground-breaking new prostate cancer screening test that predicts the risk of prostate cancer with 94% accuracy, using a simple blood test.

In today’s episode, we dive into the details of the innovative EpiSwitch Prostate Screening test, known as the PSE, designed to confirm the presence of prostate cancer, whether symptoms are present or not. This technological advancement is a game-changer! It empowers urologists by providing a precise tool to assess whether a patient should undergo a biopsy or opt for continued monitoring.

Stay tuned to learn how this simple yet powerful tool streamlines the screening process for men struggling with prostate cancer.

Disclaimer: The Prostate Health Podcast is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast should be construed as medical advice. By listening to the podcast, no physician-patient relationship has been formed. For more information and counseling, you must contact your personal physician or urologist with questions about your unique situation.

Show Highlights:

• At what age should men start getting checked for prostate cancer? 

• What the screening for prostate cancer typically entails

• The importance of establishing a baseline to monitor how PSA changes over time

• Dr. Heaton dives into the details of the EpiSwitch PSE test

• How men can access the EpiSwitch PSE test

• Dr. Heaton discusses the accuracy of the EpiSwitch PSE test

• What is the expected turnaround time for the EpiSwitch PSE test results?

• Dr. Heaton explains the role of the EpiSwitch PSE test in different scenarios

The revolutionary EpiSwitch Prostate Screening test has remarkable accuracy in predicting prostate cancer risk through a simple blood test. It holds immense promise for men battling prostate cancer by providing urologists with a precise diagnostic tool and offering a streamlined approach for patients facing the complexities of prostate cancer.

Links:

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram - @gpohlmanmd

Get your free What To Expect Guide (or find the link on our podcast website)  

Join our Facebook group 

Follow Dr. Pohlman on Twitter and Instagram 

Go to the Prostate Health Academy to sign up. 

You can access Dr. Pohlman’s free mini webinar, where he discusses his top three tips to promote men’s prostate health, longevity, and quality of life here.

Oxford BioDynamics:

Website

LinkedIn 

Facebook

Twitter: @oxbiodynamics and #OBD

Instagram: @oxbiodynamics

YouTube: @oxfordbiodynamics

PSE:

Website

LinkedIn

Facebook

Twitter: (@94percent_com)

Instagram: (@get_the_pse)