On today's Spotlight, we ask why runners are racing faster than ever? The same could also be said of cyclists, and we use an intriguing article by Amby Burfoot to explore and discuss the possible contributors, ranging from super shoes to the "Bannister effect". It leads us back to ground we've covered before (shoe tech, carbs), some areas we have yet to cover in detail (bicarbonate), and down some dark alleys that may contain the future (and possibly present) of doping methods.

We also talk about technology in sport, and about which sports have seen the biggest, fastest leaps as a result of innovation, taking a quick tour of some other devices that have 'recalibrated' sporting performances and human limits.

Finally, we discuss some of the science and performances in the Zwift Academy 2025, the latest iteration of a competition to identify and recruit aspirant cyclists into two professional cycling teams. We explore the tests used on the show, their value, and how hugely confounded the talent prediction is, even in a sport as measurable as cycling.

Show notes

As mentioned, Discourse is where it all goes down, and here's where you click to become a member for a small monthly donation. Sign up as a Patron, and you'll have access to this community, and all the fascinating insights shared by fellow listeners

Links

• Sean Ingle's article on that four-minute mile projection
• Amby Burfoot's intriguing thought experiment canvassing opinion on what is driving faster running performances
• The paper mentioned on the show describing novel drugs to "manage classical heme disorders" - not a huge leap to performance enhancement, but the molecular switch approach to doping may be a concern
• The podcast we once did on technology in sport - includes klapskates, swimsuits, and bicycles
• The BBC article on the increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight
• The Lancet study described in the BBC article
• The first episode of the 2025 Zwift Academy, the rest can be found on the same channel
• Some normative power output from elite men, and elite women's cycling. Compare yourself to the pros. I'll put the summary tables up on Discourse for members

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In this Spotlight, Ross and Gareth become "bros" to discuss and critique a recent paper that forecasts a sub-4 min mile in women (specifically, Faith Kipyegon) if drafting strategies were improved. Ross explains his skepticism and reaction to straw man arguments in media about the paper, and the framing of the seven second improvement required as a "mental barrier". This ushers in a new segment for the show, "Grinds my Gears!".

We also learn from a Discourse member, @pauliuspeciura, about how to execute a textbook heat adaptation strategy for a race he participated in recently. We talk about the physiology of heat adaptation, and how to implement a downscaled, but necessary approach to heat in your next race. We also briefly touch on two bits of news, one concerning an increasing lack of physical activity in children in the UK, and other a peculiar, though not unique, explanation for doping contamination in the recent case of triathlete Imogen Simmonds*

*Ross mentioned a USA Sprinter who was cleared of a positive drug test after using "passionate kissing" as a defence. That was Gil Roberts, not Derrick Brew as mentioned (article link below). Roberts, incidentally, got cleared of this positive result in 2017, but then had another doping violation in 2022 (16 month ban) and then another in 2023, and is now serving an 8 year ban!

Show notes

Spotlights are inspired by Discourse, and then the discussion continues there after! If you want to become a member of that community, here's the link to Patreon, where you sign up, and then it'll direct you to the Discourse Platform where the floor is yours!

Links

• Article in the Guardian that talks about the decline in numbers of PE Teachers in Britain
• A paper in the BJSM on the physical activity issues and the need to optimize social factors
• Imogen Simmonds' post on the doping positive for Ligandrol. Time will tell whether there's more to it
• The news piece on Gil Roberts and the passionate kissing defence
• Discourse Member Paulius Peciura discusses his heat adaptation strategy and race outcome here - Note: Discourse members only
• The paper analysing Kipyegon's World Record, postulating the sub-4 is possible with a massive 75% drafting benefit
• The New York Times piece on the sub-4 theory that contains the quotes that ground Ross' gears!

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Dr. Stephen Seiler is arguably the world authority on endurance training, and popularized the concept of polarized training. But a new paper has revealed some fresh insights into training polarization which suggest that the training structure may only be suitable for certain types of athletes. Enjoy this deep dive into one of the most-discussed endurance topics as we break down the theory, look at the results of this ground-breaking systematic review, discuss how the results can inform training protocols and what future studies are needed. Seiler is an exercise physiologist and Professor of Sports Science from the University of Agder in Norway.

SHOW NOTES

THE PAPER ON Training Intensity Distribution Intervention will Produce the Greatest Improvements in Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Athletes? A Systematic Review.

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This week's spotlight turns to the indoor tracks and roads of the world, as we discuss the continuing recalibration of running performance. Every USA Men's Indoor distance record was broken in the course of a week, with two world records among the performances. One of those world records didn't last the week, as Jakob Ingebrigtsen broke it in France. Then on the roads, Jacob Kiplimo took the half marathon into a new galaxy with a sub-57 performance. The two-hour marathon is now clearly within reach. Gareth and Ross discuss those performances, and inspired to some Discourse, look back at a 2008 paper that analyzed race-horses and greyhounds to make predictions about how fast humans can still run. We check in those predictions to discover how shoe tech has moved some events ahead of the curve.

We also shine one last Spotlight on the Janik Sinner three month ban, elaborating on a few matters that arose since our previous emergency Spotlight, and explain why some of the vilification of anti-doping's process may be unwarranted, and in some instances (Tim Henman!) completely detached from reality!

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For more conversation and insight, join our Discourse community where fellow listeners, experts and enthusiasts offer thoughts and opinions on this issue, and many more sports science topics. Membership requires that you become a Patron of the site, here, with a small monthly pledge to become part of our VIP community

Show notes

The Mark Denny study using horses and greyhounds to predict human limits, as discussed

The Iga Swiatek Reasoned Decision, where Points 40 and 41 explain No Fault and Utmost Caution principles

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Dr Joe Warne is a former international athlete and the key instigator of the Sports Science Replication Centre at the Technological University in Dublin. Having also worked as a performance coach Warne has spent hours both testing and working with modern tech devices with a key interest in finding out how reliable and trustworthy the data is. In this interview, the team discusses the metrics you can best trust, how to interpret the data you get correctly, and what the future of wearable tech and exercise data could be.

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Tennis star Janik Sinner has accepted an immediate three-month suspension for his 2024 clostebol positives. In this emergency Spotlight, Gareth and Ross discuss the agreement between Sinner and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and explain why both parties would have been incentivized to reach a settlement rather than go to arbitration at CAS in mid-April. We offer insights and early thoughts on whether, as claimed by Nick Kyrgios, this is "a bad day for tennis", or whether a three-month ban is justified and appropriate, giving the accepted facts of the case and what could be proven in previous tribunals.

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For more conversation and insight, join our Discourse community where fellow listeners, experts and enthusiasts offer thoughts and opinions on this issue, and many more sports science topics. Membership requires that you become a Patron of the site, here, with a small monthly pledge to become part of our VIP community

Show notes:

• WADA's full statement on the settlement
• BBC article on the settlement, as read in the podcast
• YouTube channel Tennis Talk, who we heard from in the podcast

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In this Spotlight, we address some noteworthy recent developments in the regulation and protection of women's sport. In the most significant of these, World Athletics have announced proposals, still in consultation, that would compel elite female participants to undergo a screening test that looks for the SRY gene as an eligibility requirement. Ross explains why this step, inevitable and necessary for women's sport to deliver on its purpose, may be the most important one taken by any sport in the last few years. We also discuss other proposals that strengthen World Athletics' protection of women's athletics, as well as an Executive Order on women's sport signed by Donald Trump, the NCAA response to that EO, and what this all means for this ongoing controversial issue.

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If you enjoy the Spotlights, and want to weigh in on these and other topics, consider becoming a Patron of the show, and get full access to the Discourse community! Here's where you go to make a small pledge and become a Patron, and that'll open up this portal to a world of sports science, performance and health conversations!

Links to topics and articles we discussed on the show

• World Athletics page explaining the proposals and the consultation process that includes the pre-clearance (cheek swab) method
• The full World Athletics document outlining proposed changes to eligibility
• The academic article that a group of us wrote last year, explaining how screening should be implemented to support protection of the female category
• Greg Brown's paper comparing boys to girls in running events
• Same author, same approach, different sport - here's Greg Brown's analysis of boys and girls in swimming
• Marina Hyde's article that describes how issues are bundled rather than assessed on their merits, to the detriment, sometimes, of reality
• NCAA update on changes to their eligibility policy, where they take a step towards protecting women's sport, but fail to base it on biology
• The Executive Order signed by Trump earlier this week
• The larger Executive Order that helpfully defines sex, male and female with implications for policy

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From international cricket to chess, boxing and hockey, Paddy Upton has helped the best sportspeople in the world achieve through his role as a performance coach. The team dig into how Upton has helped create the right performance mindset and explains how the best in the world handle mental pressure. Along the way Upton shares some remarkable success stories, explains how he went from a fitness instructor to a mind coach and whether BMT is really a thing.

Upton's approach focuses on four core human aspects of high performance - leadership, culture, teamwork and individual performance - and combines his 30+ years of experience with degrees from four different universities along with an appointment as Professor of Practice at Deakin University (Melbourne, Australia).

Upton has worked with over 350 professional and international level athletes from 21 different sporting codes, including six world champions from six different sports and 25 World Player Of The Year recipients. He has coached in five cricket World Cups and one Olympics (won bronze with the Indian men’s hockey team). He has also helped coach the Indian cricket team to become world test champions for the first time (2009) and win the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup for the first time in 28 years. As Performance Director he has also helped coach the South African cricket team to become the first team ever to simultaneously hold the World Number 1 ranking in all three formats of the international game.

He is also the author of the best-selling book, The Barefoot Coach (Life-changing insights from coaching the world’s best cricketers)

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We have a news-heavy Spotlight for you this week, with stories from athletics, cycling and Rugby League to discuss. Shelby Houlihan's return from a doping ban has Gareth wondering about second-chances and forgiveness for dopers? Cycling's authorities met at the Cyclocross World Champs in Lievin and agreed to regulate the use of carbon monoxide and to prevent its misuse for performance enhancement. We talk about that decision and its details, and how it's a positive step, despite some recognized limitations. Cycling safety is also under the spotlight, with the tragic deaths of cyclists around the world a reminder of the perils of the sport, particularly during training.

Finally, Rugby League is considering a change to how players are sent off for high tackles, with a proposal to give yellow cards only when the player on the receiving end of the illegal tackle fails an off-field test indicating possible concussion. Proposed as a means to "get more consistency", Ross explains that if anything, it introduces a (for now) random, unpredictable outcome variable in the decision that will compromise consistency, and may detract from player welfare and behaviour change initiatives.

But first, we kick off the show with our Discourse-first birthday announcement, a thanks to all our fabulous followers, and then revisit last week's Spotlight on carbohydrate requirements to explain why elites need to fuel at rates the rest of us needn't aspire to emulate.

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Show notes

• The paper Ross alluded on the show, that gives an example of relative carb and fat use during exercise
• Article on the proposal to give yellow cards only when the ball carrier fails the head injury assessment in Rugby League

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Former South African top-order batsman Gary Kirsten is one of the most respected voices in the modern game. After playing 101 Tests and 185 one-day internationals, Kirsten went on to a successful career as a coach. From 2008 to 2011 he coached India that included their win at the 2011 World Cup. Later in 2011 he was appointed coach of the South African team until August of 2013 and also had a brief stint with Pakistan in 2024, along with numerous coaching appointments in other formats including India's IPL. In this wide-ranging interview, Kirsten delves into some of the biggest issues facing the game: The threats facing the future of Test cricket, why the art of fast bowling is dying, the role of coaches at both school and international level and concerns over a proposed two-tier system in the global game.

Note: We are aware of a small technical issue where some sections of the pod skip or "jump". We are looking to sort this out in a future upload/version of the pod. Sorry about that!

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If you fancy a bit of the coaching, sports science and sports news conversations with our amazing members, consider a small donation to become a Patron of the site, and get access to our Discourse community, where you can join like-minded fans and sports enthusiasts to keep the conversation going.

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