It's time to pour yourself some pickle juice and suck on a salt tab (or is it?) as we talk exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) - one of the most complex, and common, afflictions facing athletes. Difficult to research and predict, the causes of EAMC's can be varied depending on the individual, as are the solutions to fix them. In this episode, Prof. Ross Tucker and Mike Finch break down the most common theories around causes and then discuss the best long-term, medium-term and immediate solutions (yes, there are some!) to preventing this painful condition.

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SHOW NOTES

The cramping thread on Discourse - members only

An Evidence-Based Review of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

Similar review on cramps

Study showing how pickle juice works fast in low doses, via a neural reflex

Ron Maughan paper on muscle cramps, contrasting the hydration model with the neural theory

People who cramp have similar sodium and other electrolyte levels to those who don’t cramp

If you drink more, your sodium levels drop, even if you drink an electrolyte containing drink

A paper that compares the two leading hypotheses for cramps: 

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The show

This week on The Real Science of Sport Spotlight world records fall and big questions rise. Faith Kipyegon and Beatrice Chebet lit up the track in Eugene—how fast can they go, and what happens if (or hopefully when) they clash over 5000m, 3000m, or possibly even 1500m? Their record-breaking performances headlined a meeting that showed track and field can be exciting, modern, and appealing to younger fans. Is the sport in better shape than critics thought? From spikes to strings, we then turn to Wimbledon, where Electronic Line Calling has come under fire. Is the system flawed, or just misunderstood? We break down the tech, the myths, and why perfection was never the point.

In our Center Stage (27:44), we focus on the Tour de France, where concussions, broken bones, and questions of responsibility have again reared their head. Do race organizers or riders bear the blame? We explore the UCI's priorities, enforcement of their own rules, and creation of new rules with marginal benefits. We also discuss the race. Jonas Vingegaard says he’s heavier, more muscular, and more powerful than ever. Will that close the gap to Pogacar? The early signs, after the Stage 5 TT, suggest an emphatic "no"? Is he solving the 'wrong' problem, and how will that increased mass play out against a relentless Pogacar in the mountains?

We also Spotlight listener insights in Ross Replies (52:00), with a focus on David Roche’s Western States DNF and his pre-race transparency. You wondered whether he created mental and emotional pressure on himself by being so open, and we discuss. In Listener Lens (58:25), we celebrate some Discourse success stories. And finally (1:02:16), are endurance athletes more likely to have daughters? A quirky study suggesting so closes the show.

Links

• USADA statement on the father and son banned for testosterone use
• Guardian article on the tech failures and player mistrust of electronic line calling
• Strong criticism of the UCI/ASO for a hazardous stage finale in the race
• The Michael Woods Tour diary in which he describes the ASO approach to safety, including his thoughts on how to improve safety
• Vingegaard's comments about his power, weight and performance prospects
• Are athletes getting older - for DISCOURSE only, Max's amazing analysis on age of elite athletes over the years
• Endurance athletes are more likely to have girls - the quirky paper we finished on

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Kevin Ullyett has won 34 career tennis titles - including two doubles (2001 US Open, 2005 Australian Open) and one mixed (2002 Australian Open) Grand Slams - and had a world ranking of 107th in singles. So he knows what it's like to fight his way through the ranks and play among the best. In this interview with Ross and Mike, Ullyett explains what it takes to make it to the top tier of professional tennis, the daily and financial pressures of just breaking even, how players cope with loneliness and the ups and downs and how modern developments in string technology have changed the face of the game in the last 10 years. It's a fascinating insight into the realities of a career where unwavering determination is one of the most important qualities a player can have,

SHOW NOTES

Kevin Ullyett's Wikipedia page

Andre Agassi's mind games with Boris Becker

Another funny Agassi story about a young Rafael Nadal

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We kick off this Spotlight at the Western States 100, where much of the buzz centered on David Roche’s DNF. Roche, a polarizing figure who promised to “science the shit” out of the race, faced unfair criticism both before and after the race, and Ross reflects on how the scientific process often works best when the "hypothesis" fails, and why confronting failed hypotheses to explain under-performance is more beneficial than riding a wave of success .

The "science the shit out of it" theme continues with Nike’s hyped attempt to help Faith Kipyegon break the 4-minute mile. It didn’t just fall short—it missed by a long shot, with Kipyegon never really giving the barrier a scare with a pacing strategy that reveals they all knew it was not truly feasible. Ross and Gareth unpack the science, pseudoscience and "hacks" behind the effort, with honorable mentions for the obviously flawed claims by scientists about drafting benefits, and criticism of many media who parroted hype points without critical thought. We wonder what the athlete who could break 4 looks like, and postulate that they probably don't exist. Yet. From ultra to ultra-short, we shift to the 100m, where Kishane Thompson clocked a blistering 9.75s—the fastest in a decade, leading Gareth to wonder why sprinting seems to have plateaued post-Bolt?

In Center Stage (37:14), legal expert Matt Kemp joins us to dissect a recent rugby case where a player successfully sued an opponent for causing a spinal injury with a reckless off-the-ball collision. Could this open the door to more civil claims in contact sports? Matt explains the legal standards around recklessness and duty of care. Ross Replies (1:15:23) to Discourse member Paul on the purpose of sports science and what "truth" means when studies can't be replicated?

And in Listener Lens (1:24:15), we explore ATP's role in exercise, wonder whether you can ever “run out” of it, and how the purpose of metabolism is to keep it in good supply. And Finally (1:31:17), we invite you all to join our Tour de France Fantasy League, and see if you can top Gareth and Ross' picks in our two leagues!

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Links

• Analysis of the 100m event that inspired our 100m chat
• Gymnastic medalists are getting older
• Report on the decision ruling in favour of a player injured by opponent
• Matt, our new legal expert, is a partner at Becker Kemp Solicitors & Attorneys
• Ross' reply to Tony on the ATP depletion question - members only
• TDF FANTASY LEAGUE - play one of our two leagues

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Carbohydrates have always been part of the endurance equation—but how much, when, and which types remain hotly debated. In this listener-driven episode, we tackle those questions and more, exploring a new paradigm in performance fueling that’s reshaping how athletes think about energy during exercise. Dr. Jamie Whitfield, Senior Lecturer at Australian Catholic University’s Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, joins us to break it all down.

For years, endurance athletes were trained to conserve carbs by becoming better fat-burners—adapting diet, training, and supplements to spare glycogen. But that thinking is evolving. As Jamie explains, the focus now is on maximizing carbohydrate use. Why? Because carbs are a more oxygen-efficient fuel source than fat—providing more energy per unit of oxygen. That efficiency improvement is a performance advantage in itself—like a supershoe, but internal.

We dig into how elite athletes are pushing 90 to 120 grams of carbs per hour, and what it takes to train the gut to handle it. Are there limits? What happens when intake exceeds demand? Where does the glucose go? Are there health risks? We also explore carb types and ratios, strategies for carrying fuel without excess weight, and how to tailor intake to your individual needs.

Jamie brings clarity to the technical details, helping translate complexity into actionable insight. If you’re fueling training or racing, this episode will reshape your approach to performance nutrition—and maybe your results too.

Show notes and links

Discourse is our VIP community, and it was questions from those listeners that inspired this interview. If you want to be part of the conversation, driving the content, and then engaging with other listeners after the show, you can join by making a small monthly pledge.

• The Podlogar paper that compared 90g/h to 120g/h, informing some of our discussion
• The Jeukendrup study Jamie mentioned that managed to provide 144g/h of carbs with a glucose-fructose mix
• one of the studies mentioned in which glucose ingested spared liver glycogen use during exercise
• A study that looked at performance and tolerance of carb solutions with different ratios of glucose to fructose

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Show notes

In a packed edition of Spotlight, we start our Discourse Digest segment with a dive into the men’s 5000m, where non-African athletes have taken control of the rankings and victories so far in 2025. Is this an aberration, or the beginning of a trend in distance running? We discuss what might be shifting in the sport to close the gap.

Next, we explore the phenomenon of athletes switching national allegiance—this time with Jamaican sprinters now competing for Turkey. Ross and Gareth look at historical examples from track, rugby, cricket and football, while defending the right of athletes to make these switches, and the necessity for sport to minimize them. Discussion shifts to the case of a trans cricketer who has claimed “no advantage” based on test results and comparisons to females. Both the science and logic behind the appeal are bluntly rebutted by Ross, who explains how the science is being misused, and that these "data snapshots" actually reveal a mediocre male with advantage rather than a trans athlete without advantage. We also return to youth sport after Gareth flagged eye-catching performances by 10- and 13-year-olds in the UK. While their talent is undeniable, we ask whether early hype might do more harm than good?

In Ross Replies (30:00), Ross has an 'off-week', because listener Ewan Morris' fascinating insights carry the segment. He explained how some young athletes experience an expiratory flow limitation during breathing, because lung growth outpaces airway development, as yet another challenge that adolescent athletes experience in the journey to adulthood.

In Listener Lens (33:51), we respond to Sean's question about muscle cramps in an ultrarunner he coaches. Ross breaks down two theories—electrolytes vs. fatigue-induced failure of neural regulation—and explains why cramp is far more about the nervous system than sodium and magnesium. We also learn the fascinating reasons why pickle juice may work... but not for the reasons people think, and offer suggestions for what Sean might consider adding to the plan.

In Center Stage (53:33), we revisit sports science's replication crisis. Gareth shares his frustration at the sciences, while Ross explores the structural issues behind shaky science, and offers a partial defence of the failures to produce robust science.

And Finally (1:15:16), we look ahead to Faith Kipyegon’s attempt at a sub-four minute mile, which haunted Ross' dreams, and we make our predictions.

Some links

• Distance running shifts: Aberration or a narrowing gap?
• A review exploring the causes of muscle cramps
• Study showing that electrolyte loss is not associated with muscle cramp
• The pickle juice effect

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In this episode, we’re joined by Dr Joe Warne, founder of the Sports Sciences Replication Center (SSRC) and senior author of a landmark new study that should send shockwaves through the world of sports and exercise science. Joe and his team undertook an enormous replication effort—repeating the methods of previously published research to see if the results hold up. The outcome? Just 28% of the studies could be replicated. Even more striking, the effect sizes dropped by an average of 75% when replicated.

This isn’t just a dent in confidence—it’s a crater. Scientific journals are trusted as sources of truth, yet Joe’s work shows that the majority of findings in this field don’t hold water. Perhaps even more concerningly, only 14% of original study authors were willing to share data or collaborate on replications.

We dig into how the SSRC pulled off this monumental study, why so many findings failed to replicate, and what it reveals about the deep structural issues in the field. From academic incentives to publish fast and flashy, to the natural resistance researchers have to being challenged and falsified, we explore how these forces fuel unreliable and unreproducible science.

Finally, we ask the tough question: what should coaches, athletes, and practitioners do when research can't be trusted? Joe shares his candid thoughts on how science must change—and what needs to happen to restore faith in the evidence base.

This is a must-listen conversation on one of the most pressing issues in science today.

Links

• More of Joe - if you join Discourse by making a small monthly pledge here, you can be like the cool kids and hang out with Joe in our VIP Community!
• Meta analysis in Strength and conditioning
• A webinar Joe Warne did on these issues

The three replication papers:

• The proposal that outlines the selection of papers in more detail
• The 28% paper that outlines the findings
• Reflections from Joe and some of the team on the process and findings

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Show notes

This week in Spotlight, we kick of with a Discourse Digest exploring the UCI's equipment rules — most notably, 40cm minimum handlebar width. It may seem like a technical tweak, but the implications are significant: many female cyclists will now have to widen their bars to comply, sparking criticism that the rule is not only arbitrary but discriminates against women. We dig into what it says about decision-making at the UCI, and how governance in the sport appears to be crying out for systematic, deliberate and openly communicated processes.

In Listener Lens (11:56), we tackle a great Discourse question from Liam, a coach working with a 13-year-old female runner whose progress has stalled. We explore why this happens to young athletes, especially girls, and how the short-term incentives we create in youth sports cause challenges for the most well-intentioned coaches and parents. It’s a conversation about patience, perspective, and reframing our expectations to accept that sporting development is very rarely linear.

Then, in a new Ross Replies segment (29:20), a question from Nicol on how the body switches from fat to carbs during exercise opens the door to a deep dive into metabolic regulation. We break down what controls fuel selection during exercise, and why a new paradigm has emerged: instead of trying to promote fat oxidation to spare carbohydrates, elite athletes are now trying to minimize it. Why? To enhance performance by maximizing oxidation efficiency with carbs.

In Center Stage 51:57), we discuss some of the tech details that have emerged in support of Faith Kipyegon’s sub-4:00 mile attempt, and wonder what the quiet collapse of the Grand Slam Track series means for the sport? And finally (64:54) Gareth notes that Mondo Duplantis' pole vault dominance shows no signs of abating, leading us to wonder why some dominance is lauded, while others are doubted, and to reflect on huge sporting mismatches.

Links

• Article on the UCI's handlebar decision
• Paper from Norway comparing how boys and girls improve in athletic events during the teenage years
• The article that shows how rare it is to be top 100 ranked at 18, 20 and as an adult, and that most successful adults aren't at the same level as juniors
• Article covering fundamentals of adolescent development and its implications for sport
• How the body shifts from fat to carbs (Discourse member access only)
• Sean Ingle described some of the tech Nike is putting into the sub-4 mile attempt

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Most sport takes place outdoors, and with growing concerns around sun exposure, active people are at a higher risk of developing skin cancer than most. Dr Dagmar Whitaker, vice president of the World Melanoma Society and one of the leading authorities on the subject, breaks down the current trends, explains which countries present a higher risk, the most effective ways to prevent skin cancer (hint: you smear it on from a young age!) and the breakthrough treatments that are not yet available. Whitaker is also president of the Melanoma Society South Africa and Immediate Past President of the Dermatological Society South Africa

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Show notes

This week on The Spotlight, we put big claims, bold performances, and comeback stories under the microscope.

In Discourse Digest (00:00), we discuss why Beatrice Chebet’s near-world record 5000m is not a miss, just a delay. Then we shift to the French Open, where Carlos Alcaraz outlasted Jannik Sinner in a classic. Gareth asks whether Sinner’s loss might be exactly what tennis (and Sinner) needed, and how their rivalry and reputations will shape the sport’s next era.

Listener Lens (15:50) features a question from listener Simon, returning from an injury-enforced layoff. Ross offers guidance on regaining lost fitness, why retraining happens faster than we think (the 1:2 rule of thumb), and why doing less will eventually give you the right to do more.

Center Stage (22:34) is all about carbs, fat, and fuel—sparked by a tweet from Prof Tim Noakes after the Comrades Marathon. Having watched the race, Noakes claimed that “not a single lead athlete tried to ingest 90–120g/hour of carbohydrates,” and that they “know they don't need carbs to win Comrades” because “fat can provide essentially all the required energy.” We put those claims under the Spotlight, and checked with the elites. Turns out, they were targeting exactly those carb intakes. We explore the science and discover a huge capacity to increase fat oxidation as a function of diet, training and exercise intensity. But that doesn't mean carbs don’t matter - we dig into evidence that carbs improve performance, delay fatigue, and enhance recovery. The real problem? Extremes. Whether it’s high carb or no carb, just because you can doesn’t mean you should.

And finally (53:44)—Padel and Pickleball are booming. Why are they so popular, and will they dethrone tennis as the world’s favourite racket sport?

Links

• The article Gareth discusses about Sinner's loss being a win for tennis
• Example of a study where retraining restores strength to pre-detraining levels in half the time taken to lose them (note this is a study on strength, but the principle remains)
• Our Podcast interview with Louise Burke, where she explains everything you need to know about fats and carbs, and why fat underperforms as a fuel
• The Podlogar study discussed on the show, where we don't burn all the ingested carbohydrates
• Burke's race walker study, with fat oxidation rates three times higher after fat adaptation, but with reduced economy and impaired performance benefits
• Volek's study on fat adapted distance runners, also showing huge fat oxidation capacity

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