通勤學英語 15Mins Today

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K277: About COVID - This ostrich-cell mask glows if you have COVID

日本研究人員開發出一種使用鴕鳥抗體的口罩，透過在紫外線下發光來檢測「2019冠狀病毒病」（COVID-19）。

The discovery by Yasuhiro Tsukamoto and his team at Kyoto Prefectural University in western Japan could provide for low-cost testing of the virus at home, they said in a press release.

他們在一份新聞稿中說，日本西部京都府立大學的塚本康浩與其團隊的發現，可以為在家中進行低成本的病毒檢測提供條件。

The scientists started by creating a mask filter coated with ostrich antibodies targeting the novel coronavirus, based on previous research showing the birds have strong resistance to disease.

這些科學家首先建立一個口罩過濾層，上面塗有針對新型冠狀病毒的鴕鳥抗體，因為先前的研究表明，鳥類對疾病有很強的抵抗力。

In a small study, test subjects wore the masks, and after eight hours, the filters were removed and sprayed with a chemical that glows under ultraviolet light if the virus is present.

在一項小型研究中，測試對象戴上口罩，8小時後移除過濾層，並噴灑一種化學物質，如果存在病毒，就會在紫外線下發光。

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Greece to make Covid vaccines mandatory for over-60s希臘將強制60歲以上人群接種新冠疫苗

Greece is to make COVID-19 vaccinations mandatory for people aged 60 and over, in a drastic move to stem a new surge in coronavirus cases.

希臘將強制要求60歲及以上的人口接種COVID -19疫苗，這是遏制冠狀病毒新病例激增的一項重大舉措。

Fines of €100 will be imposed at monthly intervals from mid-January on those who refuse, Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said.

總理米佐塔基斯稱，從1月中旬開始，將對拒打疫苗者每月罰款100歐元（約3130台幣）。

The money will go towards the Greek health system, which is struggling with a surge in hospital admissions.

這些罰金將流入因住院人數激增而承受重壓的希臘衛生系統。

About 63% of Greece’s 11-million population is fully vaccinated, but data show more than 520,000 people over 60 are yet to get the jab.

希臘總人口1100萬人，其中約63％已完成疫苗接種，但資料顯示，逾52萬60歲以上人群尚未接種疫苗。

Greece becomes the second European country, after Austria, to make jabs mandatory.

希臘成為繼奧地利之後，第二個強制國人接種疫苗的歐洲國家。Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1491069; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1489779

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.K276: 機器能夠學習道德嗎？Can a Machine Learn Morality?

Researchers at an artificial intelligence lab in Seattle called the Allen Institute for AI unveiled new technology last month that was designed to make moral judgments. They called it Delphi, after the religious oracle consulted by the ancient Greeks. Anyone could visit the Delphi website and ask for an ethical decree.

上個月，位於西雅圖的人工智慧實驗室艾倫人工智慧研究所研究人員，發表了設計用來做出道德判斷的新技術。他們以古希臘人諮詢的宗教神諭將它命名德爾菲。任何人都能造訪德爾菲的網站，詢問道德法令。

Joseph Austerweil, a psychologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, tested the technology using a few simple scenarios. When he asked if he should kill one person to save another, Delphi said he shouldn’t. When he asked if it was right to kill one person to save 100 others, it said he should. Then he asked if he should kill one person to save 101 others. This time, Delphi said he should not.

麥迪遜威斯康辛大學心理學家奧斯特衛爾使用幾個簡單的場景測試這項技術。當他詢問，他是否應該殺一個人去救另一人時，德爾菲說他不應該。當他問為了救一百個人而殺死一個人是否正確時，德爾菲說他應該做，然後他又問道，他是否應該殺死一個人來救101個人，德爾菲這次則說他不應該這樣做。

Morality, it seems, is as knotty for a machine as it is for humans.

看來，機器與人類同樣都對道德問題感到傷腦筋。

Delphi, which has received more than 3 million visits over the past few weeks, is an effort to address what some see as a major problem in modern AI systems: They can be as flawed as the people who create them.

過去幾周被300多萬人次造訪的德爾菲是個艱難嘗試，為了處理被一些人認為是現代人工智慧系統的主要問題：它們可能跟創造它們的人一樣有缺陷。

Facial recognition systems and digital assistants show bias against women and people of color. Social networks like Facebook and Twitter fail to control hate speech, despite wide deployment of artificial intelligence. Algorithms used by courts, parole offices and police departments make parole and sentencing recommendations that can seem arbitrary.

臉部辨識系統與數位助理顯現出對女性及有色人種的偏見。儘管人工智慧被廣泛應用，但臉書與推特這樣的社群網路卻無法控制仇恨言論。法院、假釋辦公室與警察部門使用的演算法，提出的假釋和量刑建議可能看起來很武斷。

A growing number of computer scientists and ethicists are working to address those issues. And the creators of Delphi hope to build an ethical framework that could be installed in any online service, robot or vehicle.

愈來愈多電腦科學家與倫理學家致力解決這些問題。德爾菲的創造者希望建立一個道德框架，可安裝在任何線上服務、機器人或車上。

“It’s a first step toward making AI systems more ethically informed, socially aware and culturally inclusive,” said Yejin Choi, the Allen Institute researcher and University of Washington computer science professor who led the project.

領導該計畫的艾倫研究所研究員、華盛頓大學電腦科學教授崔藝珍（音譯）說：「這是讓人工智慧系統更具道德意識、社會意識與文化包容性的第一步。」

Delphi is by turns fascinating, frustrating and disturbing. It is also a reminder that the morality of any technological creation is a product of those who have built it. The question is: Who gets to teach ethics to the world’s machines? AI researchers? Product managers? Mark Zuckerberg? Trained philosophers and psychologists? Government regulators?

德爾菲時而令人著迷，時而令人沮喪，時而令人不安。這也提醒我們，任何技術創造的道德都是創造者的產物。問題在於，誰來教授世界上的機器道德？人工智慧研究人員？產品經理？祖克柏？受訓過的哲學家和心理學家？政府監管部門？

While some technologists applauded Choi and her team for exploring an important and thorny area of technological research, others argued that the very idea of a moral machine is nonsense.

雖然一些技術人員稱讚崔藝珍及其團隊探索了一個重要而棘手的技術研究領域，但其他人認為，道德機器的想法本身就是無稽之談。Source article: https://udn.com/news/story/6904/5953372

Topic: About Christmas: Make your own Christmas tree with these money-saving hacks

相信大家都知道，節慶的裝飾品並不便宜，尤其是在亞洲地區。因此，也難怪有越來越多人決定自己DIY製作裝飾品打造出屬於自己的夢幻聖誕節。

Most people agree that decorating for the holidays isn’t cheap, especially in Asia. There is, therefore, little wonder that an increasing number of people have decided to make this Christmas season extra special by doing a lot of crafts on their own.

能夠把一樣東西化腐朽為神奇總是讓人著迷，而展示自己創意成品的最佳方式就是把它掛到聖誕樹上。

There’s something magical about turning something ordinary into something special, and there’s no better way to display your creations than on your Christmas tree.

許多人在網路上分享交流各自創意手作點子，在臉書上還能找到像是「低成本手作」等教你省錢做裝飾品的社團。裡面的成員不吝於分享用花串、燈泡和木框等簡易材料製作聖誕樹的秘訣。

Many ideas are shared online and through money-saving Facebook groups such as “On a Budget.” The members show people how to create a Christmas tree out of just garlands, lights and a wooden frame.

他們放上手作過程的圖片讓人一目瞭然，像是示範如何將常綠樹狀裝飾花串纏繞在三角木框上。

There are many photos that show some crafty methods of creating a tree by simply wrapping the green evergreen-like garland around the triangle-shaped wood frame.

最後，一棵固定在牆上、形狀完美的精美手作聖誕樹令網友驚艷，網友們紛紛留言讚嘆：「這個點子太棒了！看起來好美」、「很適合住在小房間的人用來佈置」。

The end result is a stunning, perfectly shaped wall-mounted Christmas tree. “What a great idea this looks fantastic,” one person wrote. Another said: “Great for anyone who has a small room.”

這些手作教學除了能吸引房間不夠擺不下一棵正規大小聖誕樹的人以外，對於那些不想花大錢買短期聖誕裝飾品的人而言，這些教學也相當實用。

In addition to appealing to people who may not have room for an actual tree, the hack is also useful for those who do not want to spend money on Christmas decor that is only good for a few weeks.

有網友留言稱讚：「手作DIY告訴我們只要善用創意與想像力，不用花大錢也能做很多事。」另外也有熱心的人分享自己的手作技巧，既簡單又能充滿節慶氣氛。

“Shows what you can do with imagination and a small budget,” one person wrote. Others shared their own versions of the hack, showing just how festive and easy it can be.

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Topic: Chimei Museum to hold pre-Christmas celebrations on weekends 超浪漫！奇美博物館超大聖誕樹成熱門打卡地

進入一年的尾聲也代表浪漫聖誕節即將來臨，各大百貨商場開始佈置聖誕裝飾並擺出超大聖誕樹吸引民眾目光。住在台南的你有福了！奇美博物館在繆思廣場擺放一棵13公尺高的「幸福耶誕樹」，每日下午五點半至十點半點燈，浪漫的燈光下搭配奇美博物館西洋建築外觀，絕對是聖誕節熱門打卡景點！

Christmas is around the corner and local department stores have already installed their Christmas decorations and set up large Christmas trees to attract the attention of shoppers. If you are living in Tainan, you should know that The Chimei Museum has also installed a 13-meter-high Christmas tree on its Muse Plaza. The tree lights up from 5:30 p.m. to 10:30 p.m. every day. The installation is the perfect match to the western architecture of the museum which has become one of the top destinations for celebrating Christmas in southern Taiwan.

另外還有集結多達70攤的皇家聖誕市集於十二月十四、十五日、二十一日和二十二日兩個週末中午十二點至晚上十點展開，販賣各式美食飲料，還有皇家貴族最愛糕點。

In addition, the Royal Christmas Market boasts 70 specialty stalls on the weekends on Dec. 14-15 and 21-22nd from noon to 10 p.m., selling various delights, drinks and Royal family’s favorite pastry.

活動期間還有精緻音樂饗宴，邀請多位奇美藝術獎得主在館內大廳演奏弦樂、管樂、爵士樂等聖誕主題音樂。

What’s more? There will also be music feasts over the weekends. Some award-winning musicians are invited to play Christmas-themed jazz and orchestra music during the celebrations.

Source article: https://chinapost.nownews.com/20191209-894509 ; https://chinapost.nownews.com/20191127-873777

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Topic: Dihua Street’s Lunar New Year market

Every year, in the two-week run up to the Lunar New Year break, businesses along Taipei’s Dihua Street hold a special Lunar New Year specialties market.

每年春節假期前兩週左右，台北迪化街的商家都會辦理年貨市集。

The store-lined roads, with outside stalls laden with New Year dried fruits, candies, spiced drinks and meat jerkies, are packed with people anxious to stock up for the holiday.

商店林立的年貨大街擠滿趕辦年貨的人，店鋪前擺出的攤子滿是蜜餞、糖果、薑茶和肉乾等年貨。

The weather was cold on Wednesday, but mercifully sunny to take the bite from the cold, and the air was full of anticipation and festive spirit.

週三天氣很冷，但幸好出了太陽，驅走了一些寒意，空氣中充滿著年節的味道與對過年的期盼。

The sellers themselves, wearing matching Lunar New Year jackets and tops in each individual stall, were all in a jovial mood, smiling and joking with the customers as they handed out free samples and took their money.

每攤的售貨員都穿著自家店統一的春節外套及上衣，喜氣洋洋，發試吃品和收錢的時候，都跟顧客有說有笑。

The shoppers were dressed up warm, some in casual clothes, some in their best suits for the occasion; there were monks and foreigners and photographers and mothers bringing their children, as well as pet owners, carrying their dogs on their shoulders or pushing them along in pet pushchairs. There was one guy walking his pet pig — he’d had it for five months, he said — which had its snout pressed to the ground, hoovering the tarmac for fallen sweets, treats or dried meats.

採買的顧客穿著保暖的衣服，有些只是居家服，也有人穿得很慎重。人群中有僧侶、外國人、攝影師、帶著孩子的母親，以及把狗扛在肩上或用寵物推車推著的飼主。還有一個人牽著寵物豬──他說他已經養了五個月──那隻豬把鼻子貼在地上，把掉在路面上的糖果、零食或肉乾吸起來吃。

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/01/18/2003729416

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Topic: EPA steps up checks for carcinogenic industrial dye in Mid-Autumn mooncakes

With the Mid-Autumn Festival nearly upon us, bakery shelves are heaving with a vast array of appetizing mooncakes in a mind-boggling variety of shapes, sizes and flavors. For many Taiwanese gourmands, the venerable egg yolk pastry is a special favorite. However, in the past some unscrupulous businesses were discovered to have added the harmful industrial dye Sudan Red G to their egg yolk pastries to give the salty egg yolks a rosy-red luster. Sudan Red G was classified as a toxic chemical by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in July 2018. The administration says it has been carrying out inspections since the ban but has not discovered any illegal use of Sudan Red G. However, with increased demand for egg yolk pastries during the festive season, the administration says it will intensify inspection work during the period.

中秋佳節即將到來，市面上開始出現各式各樣可口的月餅，尤其蛋黃酥最受歡迎。然而過去曾發生有不肖業者為了使鹹蛋黃色澤紅潤，而添加對人體有害的工業用染料「蘇丹紅」。環保署表示，蘇丹紅色素已於二○一八年六月公告為「毒性化學物質」，近年來稽查沒有再發現業者違法使用蘇丹紅，不過考量中秋節將近，鹹蛋黃需求增加，環保署將加強稽查。

In the past, some egg farms would add the carcinogenic substance to duck feed in order to give their salted duck eggs a deep color and luster. In 2017, the illegal use of Sudan Red G was detected in an online retailer’s salted egg yolk mooncakes. The poultry farm which supplied the egg yolks was required to cull its duck population and destroy its stock of duck eggs. Fraud charges were also brought against the farm. The following year, the EPA classified Sudan Red G as a category 4 toxic chemical.

過去有業者為了讓鹹鴨蛋看起來色澤飽滿，在鴨隻飼料中添加有致癌風險的蘇丹紅，二○一七年曾發生網購名店月餅原料鹹蛋黃被驗出違法添加蘇丹紅，供貨畜牧場鴨隻撲殺、鴨蛋銷毀，業者被依詐欺取財罪嫌起訴，環保署則在隔年將蘇丹紅色素列為第四類毒性化學物質。

Sudan Red G is in fact an umbrella term for a series of related chemical dyes that sound similar but have different molecular structures, chiefly Sudan Red I, II, III and IV, and Sudan Red 7B and G. Because the molecular structure of the Sudan Red G dye is easily soluble in oils, it is often used in industrial settings such as colorant in furniture paint, shoe polish, floor wax, car wax and oils to give products a rich color and luster.

蘇丹紅其實是幾種相似但不同的分子之統稱，這幾種化學物質常作為染料，主要包括：蘇丹紅I、蘇丹紅II、蘇丹紅III、蘇丹紅IV、蘇丹紅7B、蘇丹紅G，由於蘇丹紅色素的分子結構易溶於油脂，在工業上常用於家具漆、鞋油、地板蠟、汽車蠟和油脂著色，使色澤飽滿鮮豔。

Sudan Red G’s unique properties — inexpensive, easy-to-obtain, stable, and color-fade resistant — mean that it often crops up in food safety incidents. In addition to salted egg yolks, outside of Taiwan Sudan Red G has been found to have been added to chilli sauce and chilli powder; however, the group of dyes with which Sudan Red G shares a common molecular structure are listed as category 3 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

由於蘇丹紅便宜易取得、穩定又不易褪色的特性，因此常在食安事件中佔有「一席之地」，除了鹹蛋黃，國外也曾在辣椒醬、辣椒粉中發現添加蘇丹紅；不過這類色素的分子都被國際癌症研究機構列為第三類致癌物。

EPA Toxic and Chemical Substances Bureau Director-General Hsieh Yein-rui advises consumers not to choose food products that appear overly vivid and bright, or that look unnatural. Hsieh adds that the nutritional value of egg yolks is the same whether they are yellow or red in color, and warns that customers who select egg-containing products on the basis of their bright luster may well be consuming adulterated egg yolks.

環保署毒物及化學物質局長謝燕儒呼籲，消費者不要挑選顏色過於鮮豔、看起來不自然的食品，且蛋黃不論是黃色或紅色營養價值都一樣，過度在意色澤，反而可能吃進「加料」的蛋黃。Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2021/09/19/2003764584

祝我們通勤家族聖誕快樂！下週ㄧ9pm，同一時間，歡迎一同上Clubhouse參與我們2021年度最後的一場通勤學英語直播室。加入15mins通勤學英語直播室

主題: 大人系列 - 冬至大人的吃喝還有傳統不能做的事？What’s your snack or drink for winter solstice?

Link: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3602640

Did you know?

1. Dongzhhi is Ghost Festival

There is a saying in old an old feng shui guide that says, "When Dongzhi comes, gods leave and ghosts arrive." It implies that people can give offerings to ancestors and ghosts on Dongzhi to pray for the elimination of epidemics and the reduction of hunger in times of famine. In addition, Donzhi is the shortest day and the longest night, therefore Yin energy is heavy.

在古老的風水指南中有一句諺語說："當冬至來的時候，神靈離開，鬼魂到達。它意味著人們可以在冬至上向祖先和鬼魂獻祭，以祈禱在饑荒時期消除流行病和減少饑餓。此外，冬至是白天最短，夜晚最長的，因此陰能量很重。

1. Married women cannot go to their mother's home

There is a custom that married women cannot go to their mother's home on Dongzhi for fear of bringing misfortune to her parents-in-law.

有一種習俗是，已婚婦女不能去冬至的母親家，因為害怕給岳父母帶來不幸。

1. Avoid staying up late

Dongzhi is cold and cloudy, especially late at night when people's Yang energy is weakest and Yin energy is most abundant. If people stay up late on this night, they are prone to be becoming weak and vulnerable to illness.

冬至寒冷多雲，尤其是深夜，人們的陽氣最弱，陰氣最豐富。如果人們在這天晚上熬夜，他們很容易變得虛弱，容易生病。

1. Do not be overly sexually active

Similarly, it is advised that married couples do not engage in too much sex on this day as it could lead to a leakage of Yang energy and disease.

同樣，建議已婚夫婦在這一天不要進行過多的性行為，因為這可能導致陽氣和疾病的洩漏。

1. Do not eat odd numbers of tangyuan

Eating tangyuan signifies reunions and longevity. The traditional red and white dumplings can also attract marriage and popularity. However, when eating tangyuan, they must be eaten in even numbers and not odd numbers to have their desired effect on good fortune.

吃湯原意味著團聚和長壽。傳統的紅白湯圓也可以吸引婚姻和人氣。但是，在吃湯原時，它們必須以偶數而不是奇數來吃，才能對好運產生預期的效果。

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1. What are you snacking tonight?

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K275: The Art of Botox

Last spring, Botox rolled out a series of ads directed by filmmaker Errol Morris. Styled like very short documentary films, the ads featured Botox users — a widower, a single mother, a drag performer — telling touching, sad, ultimately redemptive anecdotes. In 2019, a typical Botox commercial pitched the product as a girlboss tonic that could infuse fantasy women with pluck as they slunk from boardroom to bar stool. Now it was being recast as a kind of truth serum, a tool of deep personal introspection. The mother gazed upon nostalgic photographs. The widower recalled her husband’s eyes and wept. Though the subjects did not mention Botox, the camera regarded their restful foreheads with sympathy and implied that the procedure had a profound therapeutic effect. The tagline was: “Still you.”

今年春天，「保妥適」肉毒桿菌素推出一系列由電影製作人埃洛．莫里斯執導的廣告。這些廣告就像非常短的紀錄片，由鰥居者、單親媽媽和變裝皇后三位保妥適使用者，訴說動人、悲傷和最終具救贖力量的故事。2019年，一支典型的保妥適廣告把產品描繪成女強人的補品，能讓夢幻女子從董事會會議室溜到酒吧高腳凳時，賦予她們勇氣。現在保妥適被重新定位成一種能讓人吐露真相的藥，一種個人深刻自省的工具。這名母親凝視著舊照片。鰥居者回想起他丈夫的眼神而落淚。雖然這三人沒提到保妥適，但鏡頭拍攝她們平滑的額頭時帶著讚許意味，暗示這個療程有深刻療效。廣告語寫著「你還是你」（譯註：此為雙關語，也有「撫平你」的意思）。

Botulinum toxin is a poison that by some macabre coincidence both causes botulism and cures wrinkles. When injected at low doses into a crinkled forehead, it blocks nerve signals to muscles and smooths the skin atop them. Though there are several competing brands, Botox is the Kleenex of the category. It presents the kind of bargain one might strike with a nefarious sea witch: She will grant you eternal youth, but at the price of being able to move your face.

肉毒桿菌素是一種毒素，可怕的巧合是，它既能讓人肉毒桿菌中毒，又能除皺，低劑量注射到有皺紋的額頭上，能阻斷給肌肉的神經訊號，因而撫平肌肉上方的皮膚。雖然市面上有幾種競爭品牌，但保妥適是其中佼佼者。這種藥提供你可能和邪惡海巫達成的那類交易：她能讓你青春永駐，但價格之高足以讓你動容。

There was a moment when this trend was seen as a bad thing — for acting, for society, and especially, for women. A Botoxed face used to strike viewers as an uncanny spectacle, but uncanny spectacles fuel reality television and internet culture, and thanks to those ascendant forms, Botox has accumulated a gloss of campy pageantry, helping disarm cultural fears around its use.

以前有一陣子，用肉毒桿菌素除皺的趨勢被視為是不良風氣，對演藝人員、社會，尤其是女性都如此。打過肉毒桿菌素的臉曾經被觀眾認為是不自然的奇觀，但這種奇觀助長了電視實境秀和網路文化，多虧了這些日益興盛的類型，肉毒桿菌素累積了一種搞笑虛飾的光環，有助於消減使用上的文化恐懼。

Botox once suggested vanity, delusion and self-consciousness, but now it has fresh associations: with confidence, resilience, even authenticity, as the idea of “having work done” has come to be seen as a legitimate form of work.

肉毒桿菌素一度意味虛榮、錯覺和侷促不安，但現在給人新的聯想：自信、堅韌，甚至真實可靠，因為「進廠維修」已經被認為是正經事。

It strikes me that wrinkles on women are not only stigmatized because they make them seem old but because they make them look angry, sad, surprised, distressed — they make them look alive. Even as Botox has become a way station for women at risk of being catapulted from Hollywood, it presents as a vivid reminder of what has been lost. Female movie stars are no longer buried after a certain age; instead they are embalmed. The new Botox tagline is “Still you,” but it could be “Still here.”

在我看來，女人皺紋被汙名化的原因，不只是顯老，還會讓女人看似在生氣、難過、驚訝和焦慮，也就是讓女人看來活生生。即使肉毒桿菌素成了可能被逐出好萊塢女人的停靠站，仍鮮明地顯示了失落的東西。女性影星過了某個年紀不再被埋葬，而是做防腐處理。新的保妥適廣告語是「你還是你」，但其實可能是「你還在這裡」。Source article: https://udn.com/news/story/6904/5936772

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K274: The reason behind rising number of migrant workers in Taoyuan revealed!

The number of migrant workers in Taiwan has exceeded 710,000, and the number of new residents and the second generation new immigrants has exceeded one million. Among all the cities in Taiwan, the areas with the largest number of migrant workers in Taiwan are Taoyuan City, Taichung City, and New Taipei City

桃園市位居移工聚集之冠，時常可以在桃園市內的車站如中壢車站的站前聚集移工。

Taoyuan City ranks first with the most migrant workers, and it’s quite common to see migrant workers gathering in front of bus and train stations in Taoyuan City, such as Zhongli Station.

為什麼桃園會有這麼多移工呢？ 從歷年數據來看，全台灣的外籍移工有將近1/6的移工選擇在桃園就業。

So, why are there so many migrant workers in Taoyuan? According to data accumulated over the years, nearly 1/6 of the foreign migrant workers in Taiwan choose to work in Taoyuan.

細分桃園移工工作的產業類別，其大多是產業外籍勞工，只有1/5的外籍移工在社福產業工作，佔桃園移工總數中的少部分。

Diving deeper into the industrial categories migrant workers work in Taoyuan, one can see that most of them are industrial workers, and only 1/5 of the migrant workers work in the social welfare industry, accounting for a small part of the total number of migrant workers in Taoyuan.

主要原因為因應「3K行業專案」及2013年新增的「外加就業安定費附加外勞數額」，間接推動廠商僱用更多移工。

The main reason is that in response to the “3D Project” (“Dirty, Dangerous, Difficult”) and the newly added additional “Employment Stabilization Fee” available for migrant workers in 2013, the government promoted the employment of more migrant workers.

再來，桃園是全臺第一工業科技大市，臺灣五百大製造業中有超過三分之一在桃園設廠，工業產值常居全臺之冠，桃園擁有三十二個報編工業區，從傳統產業到高科技產業，涵括了物流、光電、高科技、航太、汽車零件、綠色能源及傳統產業等產業聚落。

Furthermore, as Taoyuan is one of the top industrial technology cities in Taiwan, more than one-third of Taiwan’s top 500 manufacturing industries set up factories in Taoyuan, and its industrial output value often ranks first in Taiwan. Taoyuan has 32 industrial zones, ranging from traditional industries to high-tech industries, including logistics, optoelectronics, high-tech, aerospace, auto parts, green energy, and traditional industries.

最後，桃園市有著東南亞商圈，光桃園火車站前後站就有40幾家東南亞商店，同時有東南亞超市INDEX、VnEx，桃園中平商圈宛如美國的中國城，是台灣新移民、移工的聚集地。

Lastly, Taoyuan City has a Southeast Asian business district. There are more than 40 Southeast Asian shops near Taoyuan Railway Station alone. In addition, Taoyuan is also home to Southeast Asian supermarkets like INDEX and VnEx. The Taoyuan Zhongping Commercial District is just like Chinatown in the United States and is a gathering place for new immigrants and migrant workers in Taiwan.

其實，對台灣來說，移工在當地的消費和活動也是帶來很龐大的商機，扣除繳交仲介費和寄回家的錢，日常生活費和休閒娛樂費都在桃園，若以桃園11萬名移工計算，一年上看79億元。

In fact, for Taiwan, the consumption and activities of migrant workers in the local area also bring huge business opportunities. After deducting the intermediary fees and the money sent home, the daily living expenses and leisure and entertainment expenses are all spent in Taoyuan. If you calculate the 110,000 migrant workers in Taoyuan, it will cost around NT$7.9 billion a year.

許多跟移工密切相關的非營利組織，也都設置據點在桃園，例如桃園群眾協會。

Many non-profit organizations closely related to migrant workers also set up their bases in Taoyuan, such as the Serve the People Association (桃園群眾協會).

非營利組織「桃園市群眾服務協會」（以下簡稱桃群）自從 2014 年起開始第一線的移工救援工作，旗下三間庇護中心也致力協助照顧落難的移工媽媽及寶寶。

Serve the People Association began its frontline rescue work for migrant workers in 2014, and its three shelter centers are also committed to helping care for migrant mothers and babies in distress. Source article: https://chinapost.nownews.com/20211021-2842040

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K273: About Japan - A Japanese mayor learned you don’t bite someone else’s medal

Olympic athletes have long been photographed biting their medals, a celebratory if not entirely hygienic gesture.

奧運選手總被拍攝到咬著獎牌，這是一種並不是那麼衛生的慶祝方式。

But typically they’re biting their own medals. A mayor in Japan learned the hard way that chomping on someone else’s doesn’t go over as well.

但他們通常咬的是自己的獎牌。日本的一名市長透過痛苦經驗學到，咬別人的獎牌可不像選手咬自己的獎牌那般令人接受。

Mayor Takashi Kawamura of Nagoya apologized after biting the gold medal of Miu Goto, a member of the Japanese national softball team, during a ceremony on Wednesday as he stood in front of a backdrop promoting coronavirus safety precautions. He was immediately pilloried on social media, where some Olympians said they would be furious if it happened to them. Others just thought it was gross.

名古屋市長河村隆之為他週三在一場典禮上咬了日本國家女壘隊成員後藤希友的金牌致歉，當時他的背後布景是宣導新冠病毒安全預防措施。河村（的咬金牌之舉）立刻在社群媒體被公審，部分奧運選手說，這事若發生在自己身上會超火大。其他人則覺得就是噁心。

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Genome-edited tomato enters Japanese market基因組編輯的番茄在日本上市

「高GABA西西里胭脂」是一種特殊的番茄，富含「γ-氨基丁酸」（GABA），據信這種氨基酸可以讓人放鬆，並有助於降低血壓。

Tokyo-based startup Sanatech Seed Co. teamed up with scientists at the University of Tsukuba to develop a new variety of tomatoes using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. Named Sicilian Rouge High GABA, this new type of tomato contains five to six times the normal level of GABA.

總部在東京的新創企業Sanatech Seed和築波大學的科學家，利用CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術，聯合研發出這種名為「高GABA西西里胭脂」的新品種番茄。這種新種番茄的GABA含量是普通番茄的5到6倍。

According to Japanese media, the company removed an inhibitory domain within the tomato’s genome to enable it to produce these high levels of GABA.

日本媒體報導，該公司移除了番茄基因組中的一個抑制域，從而使其能夠生成大量GABA。

Unlike genetically modified foods, genome-edited plant varieties are considered just as safe as varieties improved using conventional methods because no outside gene is introduced during the process.

和基因改造食品不同，基因組編輯植物被認為和用傳統方法改良的新品種一樣安全，因為在基因編輯過程中沒有加入外來基因。Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1482799; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1484661

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K272: About old age - Housework may promote health in old age, study suggests

Household chores might seem a drag, but researchers have suggested tasks like dusting, scrubbing floors and washing the windows might help adults to stay healthy into old age.

家務瑣事也許看似累贅，但研究人員指出，清理灰塵、拖地、擦窗等家務活動，可能有助於成年人到老年以後，保持身體健康。

Writing in the journal BMJ Open, a Singapore-based team of researchers said regular physical activity “improves physical and mental health, mitigates the risks and effects of chronic diseases, and reduces falls, immobility, dependency and mortality among older adults”.

該研究結果由一個新加坡研究團隊發表在《英國醫學期刊》（BMJ Open）上。研究報告指出，常做體力活動可以「改善身心健康，減輕慢性病的風險和影響，降低老年人跌倒、臥床不起、失去獨立生活能力和死亡的機率。」

After taking into account factors including age and sex, the team found cognitive scores and attention scores were 8% and 14% higher respectively for older adults doing high amounts of heavy housework – on average 131 minutes a week – compared with low levels, which appeared to amount to none at all.

在考慮年齡、性別等因素後，研究團隊發現，做大量重度家務（每週平均131分鐘）的老年人，認知功能和注意力得分比很少做家務的老年人分別高出8％和14％。

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Regular exercise in old age has as powerful an effect on life expectancy as giving up smoking, researchers say. The analysis of 5,700 elderly men in Norway showed those doing three hours of exercise a week lived around five years longer than the sedentary.

研究人員說，老年規律運動對平均餘命影響之大，效果等同戒菸。在挪威分析5700名老人，顯示每週做3小時運動者，比久坐者多活約5年。

In the study - conducted by Oslo University Hospital - found both light and vigorous exercise extended life expectancy.

由奧斯陸大學醫院進行的研究發現，輕量與劇烈運動都可以增加平均餘命。

The trial tracking 68 to 77 year olds found that doing less than an hour a week of light exercise had no impact. But overall those putting in the equivalent of six, 30-minute sessions of any intensity, were 40% less likely to have died during the 11-year study.

研究追蹤68至77歲的樣本後發現，每週輕量運動不到1小時者沒有影響，但整體而言，不論做何種強度的運動6小時30分者，在這份11年的研究中，死亡率低40%。

The report said: "Even when men were 73 years of age on average at start of follow-up, active persons had five years longer expected lifetime than the sedentary." It added that physical activity was as "beneficial as smoking cessation" at reducing deaths.

這份報告說：「即便是追蹤開始時男性平均73歲，活躍的人還是比久坐者多活5年。」報告還說，身體活動對減少死亡而言，「和戒菸一樣好」。Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1488512 ; http://iservice.ltn.com.tw/Service/english/english.php?engno=886235&day=2015-06-04

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K271: Holmes’s Fall Converted Media Into Tech Skeptics

成立血液檢測新創公司Theranos的創業家伊莉莎白．霍姆斯，聲望在2015年達到高峰，被Glamour雜誌選為「年度代表女性」。時代雜誌將她選入百大人物，她也登上財星、富比世和T雜誌等刊物封面。

Theranos collapsed in scandal three years later, failing in its mission to revolutionize the health care industry. But it did change the world in another way: It helped sour the media on Silicon Valley.

三年後Theranos因醜聞倒閉，無法達成革新醫療產業的使命。不過它確實以另一種方式改變了世界：讓矽谷的媒體走調。

That point was brought home when Roger Parloff, a journalist who penned the Fortune cover story on Holmes and Theranos in 2014, testified in a federal courtroom in San Jose, California, where Holmes is on trial for 12 counts of fraud. Parloff said Holmes had made misrepresentations to him, including the volume and types of tests that Theranos could do, as well as its work with the military and pharmaceutical companies.

這一點成為記者羅傑．帕洛夫在加州聖荷西聯邦法庭作證時的重點，他曾在2014年撰寫財星雜誌封面故事，報導霍姆斯和Theranos。在霍姆斯被控12項詐欺罪名的訴訟中，帕洛夫說，霍姆斯對他發表錯誤簡報，包括Theranos能做到的測試數量與種類，以及該公司和軍方及製藥公司的合作。

The discovery that Holmes, the tech industry’s most celebrated female entrepreneur, was misdirecting the world about her company marked a turning point in the tech press, ending a decadelong run of largely positive coverage. Reporters cringed over glowing articles they had written about tech companies that turned out to have stretched the truth, glossed over the negative consequences of their products or generally abused the trust they had enjoyed with the public.

霍姆斯身為科技業界最知名的女性創業者，她被揭露就她的公司誤導全世界，代表科技媒體的一個轉捩點，結束十年來正面報導居多的趨勢。記者以他們撰寫的顯眼報導吹捧科技公司，實際上卻曲解事實，掩蓋產品的負面後果，或是廣泛濫用大眾對他們的信賴。

“Holmes just becomes this fable of ‘You can’t just buy what they’re selling,’ ” said Margaret O’Mara, a professor at the University of Washington and a historian of Silicon Valley. “ ‘This was not what it purported to be, and we fell for it.’ ”

「霍姆斯只是變成『他們說的話不能照單全收』的寓言故事」，華盛頓大學教授及矽谷歷史學者瑪格麗特．歐邁拉說，「它看起來表裡不一，而我們卻信了」。

After The Wall Street Journal published exposés in 2015 and 2016 showing that Theranos was not what it appeared to be, coverage of tech companies generally became more probing.

在華爾街日報2015及2016年刊出報導，顯示Theranos名不符實後，關於科技公司的報導變得更深入徹底。

Reporters dug into Facebook’s role in the 2016 presidential election, as well as scandals at Uber and a series of #MeToo accusations and labor uprisings at tech companies. The shift happened alongside the realization that the tech industry was no longer the niche realm of idealist computer geeks. It had become the dominant force in the global economy and needed to be held more to account.

記者深入挖掘臉書在2016年美國總統大選的角色，優步與一系列「我也是受害者」指控，以及科技公司的勞工抗議。 這個轉變伴隨一個認知，科技業不再是理想主義電腦奇才的利基領域，它已成為全球經濟的主導力量，需要負起更多責任。 Source article: https://udn.com/news/story/6904/5936758

Topic: Hurricane, tropical storm or super typhoon? Here is what to know about Asia’s most dangerous weather systems

颱風是一個具有破壞性的風暴。大西洋另一端稱之為「颶風」的颱風，在亞太地區最常於七月到十月間侵襲台灣。

A typhoon is a storm of damaging proportions. Also known as hurricanes across the Atlantic Ocean, the most dangerous weather systems in the Asia-Pacific region are most likely to hit Taiwan from July to October.

然而，熱帶性低氣壓和超級颱風的差別到底是什麼？

But, what’s the difference between tropical depressions and super typhoons?

亞太地區有四種類型的的破壞性暴風。它們與地震不同在於它們一定程度的可預測性。

There are four types of destructive storms in the Asia-Pacific region which, unlike earthquakes, are somewhat predictable.

風速每小時29英理(46公里)以下的稱之為「熱帶性低氣壓」；風速在每小時29英里（46公里）和每小時55.5英里（89公里）之間的稱之為「熱帶風暴」或「熱帶氣旋」。而又稱之為颶風的颱風則是風速在每小時55.5英里（89公里）和每小時114.5英里（183公里）之間的風暴。

The tropical depressions — wind speeds of 29 mph (46 kph) or less; the tropical storms — wind speeds between 29 mph (46 kph) and 55.5 mph (89 kph); and, the typhoons, also known as hurricanes — wind speeds between 55.5 mph (89 kph) and 114.5 mph (183 kph).

超級颱風，相當於第五類風暴，因為其風速超過114.5英里/小時（183公里/小時）。

Super Typhoons, which are equivalent to a category 5 storm, have wind speeds greater than 114.5 mph (183 kph).

除了帶來破壞力強大的巨風外，颱風還能降下難以置信的雨量。由於台灣島的山脈縱貫全島，這些風暴的降雨量有時會在數個月中超過常規降雨量。

In addition to bringing damaging winds, typhoons can drop incredible amounts of rain. Owing to the mountains running the length of the island, these storms can sometimes drop rain in excess months of regular precipitations.

應該準備什麼？｜What should you prepare?

颱風來襲，你應該在家中準備好一個緊急災難包，裡面應當有急救箱和基本藥物。

In case of a typhoon, you should prepare a disaster supplies kit for home, including a first aid kit and essential medications.

台灣災難醫療隊建議民眾備好足夠維持至少一天的食物量、水、電池和其他應急用品。

Disaster preparedness officials recommend that you have enough food, water, batteries, and other emergency supplies to last at least 1 day.

在斷水的情况下，可以考慮到附近的便利商店買可飲用的水和一些泡麵。

In case of water cuts, think of rushing to a convenience store next door to buy some drinkable water and some instant noodles.

還剩下什麼呢？｜What’s more?

記得將電器產品充飽電，多儲備可飲用水和電池，同時也別忘記為車子加好油(以防萬一)。同時，你也可以將家裡的浴缸先裝滿水以備不時之需。

Remember to charge up electronics, secure extra water and batteries, and fill up your car ahead of the weekend. You can also run a bathtub full of water for a large supply of emergency water, in case the water supply is interrupted.

颱風很危險不只因為它們可以造成身體傷害和財產損失；強風還可能擊倒電線和中斷水的供應。

Typhoons are dangerous not only because they can cause bodily injury and damage to property, but strong winds can also knock down power lines and disrupt the water supply. Source article: https://chinapost.nownews.com/20210911-2762480

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Topic: Typhoonless year brings water shortage in fall/winter

Most years, Taiwan is hit by typhoons during the summer and fall, but we have yet to see a typhoon this year. This unusual situation has put pressure on water supply levels in reservoirs around Taiwan.

台灣每年夏、秋兩季颱風頻繁，但詭異的是，今年截至目前為止，竟無任何一個颱風登陸台灣，造成水庫缺水問題。

Due to global warming, the typhoons generated in the Pacific Ocean this year have all moved northward, bypassing Taiwan. Although successive fronts and afternoon showers have brought rainfall, it was only fragmented, covering limited areas and did little to replenish reservoirs. As a result, the reservoir storage this year is lower than in previous years.

這是因為全球暖化之影響，今年大平洋生成的颱風往北移，導致沒有任何一個颱風進來台灣，雖然陸續有鋒面及午後陣雨帶來雨量，但下雨範圍多為局部地區，導致水庫蓄水量較往年低。

According to the Water Resource Agency, as of 2pm yesterday, the Shihmen Reservoir’s water storage was 44 percent of capacity, the Feicuei Reservoir’s was 62.3 percent and the Zengwen Reservoir’s was 31.3 percent. Two of the three major water reservoirs have less than 50 percent of their water storage capacity.

水利署資料顯示，截至昨日下午二時為止，石門水庫蓄水量為百分之四十四，翡翠水庫蓄水量百分之六十二點三，曾文水庫蓄水率百分之三十一點三，三大水庫中有兩座儲水量低於五成。

In order to prepare for demand for water next year, the government has decided to implement three measures to control water usage. Firstly, starting from last Wednesday, night water pressure in the Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli areas was to be lowered from 11pm through to 5am the following day. Secondly, the irrigation of some areas of Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli was to be suspended, and farmers affected by the measures will receive government compensation. Thirdly, the Ministry of Economic Affairs is setting up a central drought response center to better respond to the crisis and to distribute water resources according to needs. Taiwanese are advised to take water-saving measures.

為審慎因應明年用水需求，政府實施三項因應措施。第一，桃竹苗中自上週三起，每天晚上十一點至隔日清晨五點實施減壓供水；第二，桃竹苗部分地區的農田，將停止供灌，政府也會給予補償，維持農民生活；第三，經濟部將成立抗旱中央應變中心，拉高應變層級，做好調度節水，更請全民配合省水。

Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/10/19/2003745390

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Wax apples are popular gifts during the Spring Festival season in Taiwan. The fruit’s major producing area is the coastal townships in Pingtung County such as Donggang, Fangliao and Nanjhou. However, since 2016, wax apple production has been affected by adverse weather, including the strongest cold stream for 10 years and the effect of typhoons in 2016. This year’s anticipated bumper harvest never arrived, hampered by the unexpected low temperatures brought by the cold stream early this month. Prices for the popular Spring Festival gift are expected to have increased by the time of the holiday.

蓮霧是春節時令熱門的伴手禮，其主要產地為屏東沿海的東港、枋寮、南州等鄉鎮。但近年蓮霧產量連續受到二○一六年的霸王寒流，及去年因二○一六年颱風的後續影響而減少。原以為今年能豐收，但豈料日前寒流的低溫出乎意料，春節伴手禮恐面臨漲價。

This year’s first cold stream hit Taiwan in early January. It was initially hoped that wax apples would not be overly affected, but temperatures turned out to be as low as 5 degrees Celsius, as measured by a farmer in Pingtung’s Nanjhou Township. The delayed chilling injury is now in play, resulting in a sharp decrease in production. Even the fruit that survived have blackened spots on their skin, due to the effects of frostbite. The estimated output has dropped by at least 50 percent.

今年首波寒流一月初侵台，原預期蓮霧不會產生太大農害，不過卻傳出南州鄉有農友在園中測到攝氏五度低溫。現在遲發性寒害發酵，產量大減，部分僅存的蓮霧，卻也出現表皮瘀黑的凍傷，預估產量至少下滑五成。

The affected batch of wax apples was originally due to be ready to ship in about 1-2 weeks. However, the recent cold stream sent the temperature in southern Taiwan plunging to 9 degrees, and then back up to 27 to 28 degrees when the sun came out. The considerable temperature difference caused serious premature drop in wax apples, by an estimated 30 percent. To prevent further loss, farmers have harvested wax apples and put them on the market, explaining why prices have yet to increase. However, by the time of the Spring Festival, when the supply of wax apples will have fallen dramatically, it is estimated that their price will rise 20-30 percent, making them cost NT$700-800 per kg. This is still less expensive than last year’s price of over NT$1,000 per kg, the result of the strongest cold stream in 10 years.

這批受害的蓮霧大約再一到二週後就能熟成出貨，而這一波寒流南部低溫來到九度，天氣回溫後陽光直曬溫度又達二十七、八度，溫差過大的情況造成蓮霧熟前落果的情況嚴重，預估落果可能達到三成；為避免進一步損失，農民紛紛採收上市，因此蓮霧目前的價格因為產量多，仍維持平盤；但到農曆春節時，將因產量大幅減少，上品蓮霧相當搶市，因此價格預估將上漲二～三成，每公斤價格可能達到七百～八百元，但是應不至於像去年霸王級寒流來時，每公斤一千元以上還買不到蓮霧的情形。

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2018/01/24/2003686300