A team of scientists is studying the sound of the forest in Ecuador to learn how artificial intelligence (AI) could follow animal life in recovering environments. 

一组科学家正在研究厄瓜多尔森林的声音，以了解人工智能 (AI) 如何在恢复环境中追踪动物的生命。 

When scientists want to measure new forest growth, they can study large areas of land with tools like satellites and lidar. 

当科学家想要测量新的森林生长情况时，他们可以使用卫星和激光雷达等工具研究大片土地。 

But understanding how fast and in what amount wildlife is returning to an area is more difficult. Sometimes it requires an expert to listen through sound recordings and pick out animal calls. 

但了解野生动物返回某个地区的速度和数量则更加困难。有时需要专家聆听录音并辨别动物的叫声。 

Jorg Muller is a field expert on birds at the University of Wurzburg Biocenter in Germany. He wondered if there was a different way. 

约格·穆勒 (Jorg Muller) 是德国维尔茨堡大学生物中心的鸟类领域专家。他想知道是否还有其他方法。 

Muller told the French news agency AFP: "I saw the gap that we need, particularly in the tropics, better methods to quantify the huge diversity... to improve conservation actions.” 

穆勒告诉法国新闻社法新社：“我看到了我们需要的差距，特别是在热带地区，需要更好的方法来量化巨大的多样性......以改善保护行动。” 

So, he turned to bioacoustics, which uses sound to learn more about animal life and the environments in which they live. 

因此，他转向生物声学，利用声音来更多地了解动物的生命及其生活环境。 

The tool has been used by scientists for some time. But more recently, researchers are using it with computer learning to study large amounts of data more quickly. 

该工具已经被科学家使用了一段时间。但最近，研究人员将其与计算机学习结合使用，以更快地研究大量数据。 

Muller and his team recorded wildlife sounds at sites in Ecuador’s Choco area. The environments they recorded included areas that were once used for agriculture and raising livestock to old-growth forests. 

穆勒和他的团队在厄瓜多尔乔科地区记录了野生动物的声音。他们记录的环境包括曾经用于农业和在古老森林中饲养牲畜的地区。 

They first had experts listen to the recordings and index the sounds of different animals. Then, they examine the sound quality to measure the environment. 

他们首先让专家听取录音并对不同动物的声音进行索引。然后，他们检查声音质量以测量环境。 

Finally, they ran two weeks of recordings through an AI computer program trained to understand 75 different bird calls. 

最后，他们通过人工智能计算机程序进行了两周的录音，该程序经过训练可以理解 75 种不同的鸟叫声。

The program was able to pick out the calls on which it was trained. However, scientists wondered if the program could correctly identify the number of different kinds of plants and animals in each environment. 

该程序能够挑选出对其进行训练的调用。然而，科学家们想知道该程序是否能够正确识别每个环境中不同种类植物和动物的数量。 

To see if the program could do that, the team used two different controls. One was from the experts who listened to the audio recordings, and the second was based on examples from each environment, which can be used to understand biodiversity. 

为了看看程序是否可以做到这一点，团队使用了两种不同的控件。一个是来自听录音的专家，第二个是基于每个环境的例子，可以用来了解生物多样性。 

Since the amount of available sounds used to train is limited, the AI program could only identify one-fourth of the bird calls that experts could. But it was still able to correctly measure biodiversity levels in each environment, the study said. 

由于用于训练的可用声音数量有限，人工智能程序只能识别专家所能识别的鸟叫声的四分之一。但研究称，它仍然能够正确测量每个环境中的生物多样性水平。 

The research was published recently in Nature Communications. The study said the scientists’ results show that the AI program is a powerful tool to measure the recovery of animal communities in tropical forests. 

该研究最近发表在《自然通讯》上。研究称，科学家的研究结果表明，人工智能程序是衡量热带森林动物群落恢复情况的有力工具。 

The research noted that biodiversity found from recordings can be quantified in a cost-effective and complete way. And it said that it can measure environments, “… from active agriculture to recovering and old-growth forests.” 

研究指出，从记录中发现的生物多样性可以以具有成本效益且完整的方式进行量化。它说它可以测量环境，“……从活跃的农业到恢复和古老的森林。” 

There are still areas for improvement, including the lack of animal sounds on which to train AI models. And the method can only capture animals that use sound to communicate. 

仍有需要改进的地方，包括缺乏用于训练人工智能模型的动物声音。而且该方法只能捕获使用声音进行交流的动物。

An alliance of environmental groups is calling for new federal rules to protect an endangered whale from crashes with ships. 

一个环保组织联盟正在呼吁制定新的联邦规则，以保护濒临灭绝的鲸鱼免受船只碰撞的影响。 

The groups presented their demands in a document, called a petition, provided to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on September 28. 

这些组织在一份名为请愿书的文件中提出了他们的要求，并于 9 月 28 日提交给美国国家海洋和大气管理局 (NOAA)。 

The action aims to protect the North Atlantic right whale, which has long been considered endangered. The population of these extremely large sea animals has decreased sharply in recent years. Just 340 are believed to be alive today. 

该行动旨在保护长期以来被认为濒临灭绝的北大西洋露脊鲸。近年来，这些巨型海洋动物的数量急剧减少。目前据信只有 340 人还活着。 

Officials at NOAA have said ship collisions are among the most serious threats to the survival of the whale. One rule the environmental groups are calling for would seek to prevent ship strikes by making more ships slow down for whales. NOAA has yet to release a final updated speed rule although it proposed new rules more than a year ago, the groups said. 

美国国家海洋和大气管理局的官员表示，船舶碰撞是对鲸鱼生存最严重的威胁之一。环保组织呼吁制定的一项规则是，通过让更多船只减速捕鲸来防止船只撞击。这些组织表示，尽管美国国家海洋和大气管理局一年多前就提出了新规则，但尚未发布最终更新的速度规则。 

Environmentalists have appealed for urgency in enacting the measure. They say it is important to approve new rules before the upcoming birthing season. At that time of year, the whales migrate hundreds of miles from waters off New England and Canada to areas off the coasts of Florida and Georgia. 

环保人士呼吁尽快颁布这项措施。他们表示，在即将到来的分娩季节之前批准新规则非常重要。每年的这个时候，鲸鱼都会从新英格兰和加拿大附近海域迁徙数百英里，到达佛罗里达州和佐治亚州沿海地区。

“Even one ship strike would bring these whales closer to extinction, but speed limits can help prevent that,” said Kristen Monsell. She is a legal director at the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the groups that prepared the petition to NOAA. “Federal officials can’t sit back and do nothing while right whales are in danger," Monsell told The Associated Press. 

克里斯汀·蒙塞尔说：“即使是一次船只撞击也会使这些鲸鱼濒临灭绝，但速度限制可以帮助防止这种情况发生。” 她是生物多样性中心的法律主任，该中心是向 NOAA 准备请愿书的组织之一。蒙塞尔告诉美联社：“当露脊鲸面临危险时，联邦官员不能袖手旁观。” 

Katie Wagner is a spokesperson for NOAA. She said she expects the agency to announce its final action on the proposed rule sometime this year. That means the rule could be publicized during the middle of calving season and may not be put into effect until even later. 

凯蒂·瓦格纳是 NOAA 的发言人。她说，她预计该机构将在今年某个时候宣布针对拟议规则的最终行动。这意味着该规则可能会在产犊季节中期公布，并且可能要到更晚的时候才会生效。

Wagner said NOAA knows about the petition but has a policy not to comment on legal matters. The agency is considering expanding “slow zones” off the U.S. East Coast, and also requiring more ships to obey those rules.

瓦格纳表示，美国国家海洋和大气管理局知道该请愿书，但有一项政策，不对法律问题发表评论。该机构正在考虑扩大美国东海岸的“慢区”，并要求更多船只遵守这些规则。 

NOAA denied a request from environmentalists last year to immediately put new rules in place. At the time, the agency said in public documents that it was considering “long-term, substantive" measures to reduce whale strikes by ships. Wagner said NOAA received more than 90,000 comments on the proposed rule and would use those to decide on its final action. 

美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)去年拒绝了环保人士要求立即实施新规定的请求。当时，该机构在公开文件中表示，正在考虑采取“长期、实质性”措施来减少船只对鲸鱼的撞击。瓦格纳表示，NOAA 收到了超过 90,000 条关于拟议规则的评论，并将根据这些评论来决定其最终规则。行动。 

Right whales were once common off the U.S. East Coast. But the animals fell in numbers after years of heavy hunting activities. The whales have long been protected under the Endangered Species Act. 

露脊鲸曾经在美国东海岸很常见。但经过多年的大量狩猎活动，这些动物的数量有所下降。鲸鱼长期以来一直受到《濒危物种法》的保护。 

Right whales are also at risk of becoming accidentally entangled in fishing equipment. Proposed restrictions to prevent such entanglements have been the subject of a legal case between the federal government and fishermen. 

露脊鲸还面临着意外被捕鱼设备缠住的风险。为防止此类纠缠而提出的限制措施已成为联邦政府与渔民之间法律案件的主题。

Groups Demand Urgent Rules to Protect Whales from Ships,VOA英语每日一听,4分钟 

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced last week that it will invest $40 million in African drug makers. The money will help produce new messenger RNA vaccines in Africa. The continent’s people were the last to receive vaccinations against COVID-19 during the pandemic. 

比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会上周宣布将向非洲制药商投资 4000 万美元。 这笔资金将有助于在非洲生产新的信使 RNA 疫苗。 在大流行期间，非洲大陆的人民是最后一批接种 COVID-19 疫苗的人。 

The foundation said that its investment marks an important step forward in improving vaccine equity. It said making vaccines and getting them approved for use could take at least three more years. 

该基金会表示，其投资标志着在改善疫苗公平性方面向前迈出了重要一步。 报告称，生产疫苗并获得批准使用可能至少还需要三年时间。 

“Whether it’s for local diseases in Africa like Rift Valley (fever) or for global diseases like TB (tuberculosis), mRNA looks like a very promising approach,” Bill Gates told the Associated Press. 

比尔·盖茨对美联社表示：“无论是治疗裂谷（发烧）等非洲当地疾病还是结核病（结核病）等全球疾病，mRNA 看起来都是一种非常有前途的方法。” 

The Microsoft founder added, during a visit to the Institut Pasteur in Dakar, Senegal, “And so it allows us to bring in lots of African capabilities to work on these vaccines, and then this can be scaled up.” 

这位微软创始人在访问塞内加尔达喀尔巴斯德研究所时补充道，“这使我们能够引进大量非洲能力来研发这些疫苗，然后扩大规模。” 

The announcement came as the foundation opened its yearly three-day Grand Challenges event. The gathering brought together scientists and public health researchers from around the world. 

这一消息是在基金会一年一度为期三天的大挑战活动开幕之际发布的。 这次聚会汇集了来自世界各地的科学家和公共卫生研究人员。 

Institut Pasteur, along with South Africa-based company Biovac, will be using an mRNA research and manufacturing process developed by Quantoom Biosciences in Belgium. 

巴斯德研究所与南非公司 Biovac 将使用比利时 Quantoom Biosciences 开发的 mRNA 研究和制造工艺。 

The foundation is giving five million dollars to each vaccine manufacturer. It will award another $10 million to other companies not yet identified. The remaining $20 million is going to Quantoom “to further advance the technology and lower costs.” 

该基金会向每个疫苗制造商捐赠 500 万美元。 它将另外奖励 1000 万美元给其他尚未确定的公司。 剩下的 2000 万美元将捐给 Quantoom，“以进一步推进技术并降低成本”。 

Pfizer and its partner BioNTech along with Moderna used the mRNA technology to develop COVID-19 vaccines in record time. The medicine supplies genetic direction to human cells leading to antibody production to fight COVID-19. 

辉瑞及其合作伙伴 BioNTech 以及 Moderna 使用 mRNA 技术以创纪录的时间开发了 COVID-19 疫苗。 该药物为人体细胞提供遗传指导，导致产生抗击 COVID-19 的抗体。 

Those COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were quickly pushed through approval processes and received emergency use permission during the pandemic. The new vaccines under development in Africa will take longer anywhere from three to seven years. 

这些 COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗很快就通过了审批程序，并在大流行期间获得了紧急使用许可。 非洲正在开发的新疫苗将需要更长的时间，从三到七年不等。 

Dr. Amadou Sall is chief executive officer at Institut Pasteur. He said the deal will help build vaccine self-reliance in Africa. The organization has been producing yellow fever shots since the 1930s. It now hopes mRNA technology can be used to produce vaccines for other diseases in Africa including Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. 

阿马杜·萨尔 (Amadou Sall) 博士是巴斯德研究所的首席执行官。 他表示，该协议将有助于非洲建立疫苗自力更生能力。 该组织自 20 世纪 30 年代以来一直生产黄热病疫苗。 现在，该公司希望 mRNA 技术能够用于生产针对非洲其他疾病的疫苗，包括拉沙热、裂谷热和克里米亚-刚果出血热。 

“What we want is next time there is a pandemic — we hope it won’t happen soon — Africa would be able to make its own vaccine, to contribute to the development, and make sure that we protect the population,” Sall said. “What happened with COVID should never happen again in the sense that Africans should get vaccinated as a matter of equity.” 

萨尔说：“我们希望下次发生大流行时——我们希望这种情况不会很快发生——非洲能够制造自己的疫苗，为发展做出贡献，并确保我们保护人民。” “从非洲人应该公平接种疫苗的意义上来说，新冠疫情发生的事情不应该再次发生。” 

Jose Castillo is the leader of Quantoom Biosciences. He said the mRNA technologies permit low- and middle-income countries “to become autonomous in terms of research and development.” 

Jose Castillo 是 Quantoom Biosciences 的领导者。 他表示，mRNA 技术使低收入和中等收入国家“能够在研发方面实现自主”。 

With $8.3 billion to give away in 2023, the Gates Foundation is the world’s largest private philanthropic donor. The organization has spent billions of dollars to vaccinate against polio, treat and prevent malaria and HIV and, more recently, to develop vaccines for diseases like cholera. 

盖茨基金会是全球最大的私人慈善捐助者，到 2023 年将捐赠 83 亿美元。 该组织已花费数十亿美元来接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗、治疗和预防疟疾和艾滋病毒，最近还开发了霍乱等疾病的疫苗。

About 85% of 18-year-olds in the UK who applied to university this year were accepted. That is roughly the same as last year. What's different is that the number of applications was down, and so the number of new students setting off for university is too. 

在英国今年申请大学的18岁青少年中，约有 85% 的人被录取。录取比例与去年大致相同。不同的是申请人数有所下降，因此即将步入大学的新生人数也有所减少。

There had been a rise in teenagers applying for university after Covid hit. The Sixth Form Colleges Association say some may have sought refuge in higher education when other opportunities, such as employment, apprenticeships and gap years abroad were harder to come by. 

新冠肺炎疫情爆发后，申请大学的青少年人数有所增加。英国高中学院协会表示，一些学生可能是在高等教育中寻求 “庇护”，因为就业、学徒和海外间隔年等机会比以往更难找到。 

This year, 35.6% of all 18-year-olds in the UK have been accepted by a university, the lowest proportion since 2019. The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service says the figures it has published today reflect a return to normal growth, following the surge of demands seen during the pandemic. 

今年，英国有35.6%的所有年龄为18岁的人被大学录取，这是自2019年来的最低比例。英国大学及学院招生服务中心表示，今天公布的数据反映出在疫情期间申请人数大幅增长后，现已恢复正常的增长趋势。

词汇表

roughly 大致地，近似地
setting off 动身，出发
sought refuge 寻求庇护
higher education 高等教育
employment 就业
apprenticeships 学徒，实习
gap years （上大学前休学去打工或旅游的）间隔年
come by 得到
normal growth 正常增长
surge 激增

The Mona Lisa is the famous Leonardo da Vinci painting of a woman with a mysterious smile. 

《蒙娜丽莎》是列奥纳多·达·芬奇的著名画作，画中的女人带着神秘的微笑。 

This week, the painting gave up a secret. 

本周，这幅画透露了一个秘密。 

Scientists used X-rays to examine the chemical structure of an extremely small part of the more than 500-year-old painting. The researchers discovered a technique Leonardo used in the work. 

科学家们利用 X 射线检查了这幅 500 多年历史画作中极小部分的化学结构。研究人员发现了列奥纳多在作品中使用的一种技术。 

A team in France and Britain discovered an oil paint used for the Mona Lisa was a special, new chemical mixture. 

法国和英国的一个研究小组发现，用于《蒙娜丽莎》的油画是一种特殊的新型化学混合物。 

The research was published Wednesday in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. It suggests that the Italian artist may have been in an experimental mood when he set to work on the painting early in the 16th century. 

该研究周三发表在《美国化学会杂志》上。这表明这位意大利艺术家在 16 世纪初开始创作这幅画时可能处于一种实验的心情。 

“He was someone who loved to experiment, and each of his paintings is completely different technically,” said Victor Gonzalez. He is the study’s lead writer and a chemist at France’s top research organization, the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). Gonzalez has studied the chemical makeup of several works by Leonardo, Rembrandt and other artists. “

他是一个喜欢尝试的人，他的每幅画在技术上都完全不同，”维克多·冈萨雷斯说。他是该研究的主要作者，也是法国顶级研究机构国家科学研究中心 (CNRS) 的化学家。冈萨雷斯研究了达·芬奇、伦勃朗和其他艺术家的几幅作品的化学成分。

“In this case, it’s interesting to see that indeed there is a specific technique for the ground layer of Mona Lisa,” he said in an interview with The Associated Press. 

“在这种情况下，有趣的是，蒙娜丽莎的底层确实有一种特殊的技术，”他在接受美联社采访时说道。 

Specifically, the researchers found a rare compound, plumbonacrite, in Leonardo’s first layer of paint. The discovery, Gonzalez said, confirmed that da Vinci most likely used lead oxide to thicken and help dry his paint.

具体来说，研究人员在达芬奇的第一层油漆中发现了一种罕见的化合物，铅铅矿。冈萨雷斯说，这一发现证实达芬奇很可能使用氧化铅来增稠并帮助干燥他的油漆。

Carmen Bambach, a specialist in Italian art at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, called the research “very exciting.” Bambach, who was not involved in the study, said it shows “Leonardo’s spirit of passionate and constant experimentation as a painter,” she wrote in an email. 

纽约大都会艺术博物馆意大利艺术专家卡门·班巴赫 (Carmen Bambach) 称这项研究“非常令人兴奋”。班巴赫没有参与这项研究，她在一封电子邮件中写道，这显示了“莱昂纳多作为画家的热情和不断实验的精神”。 

The speck of paint in the imaging study is about the thickness of a human hair. It lies in the top right area of the painting. 

成像研究中的油漆斑点大约是人类头发的厚度。它位于画作的右上方区域。 

The scientists looked into its atomic structure using X-rays in a synchrotron. The machine moves particles at close to the speed of light, permitting researchers to look deeper into the paint structure. 

科学家们在同步加速器中使用 X 射线研究了它的原子结构。该机器以接近光速移动粒子，使研究人员能够更深入地了解油漆结构。 

“Plumbonacrite is really a fingerprint of his recipe,” Gonzalez said. “It’s the first time we can actually chemically confirm it.” 

“Plumbonacrite 确实是他的配方的指纹，”冈萨雷斯说。“这是我们第一次能够真正通过化学方法确认它。” 

Dutch artist Rembrandt may have used a similar mixture when he was painting in the 17th century. Gonzalez and other researchers have found plumbonacrite in his work, too. 

荷兰艺术家伦勃朗在 17 世纪绘画时可能也使用过类似的混合物。冈萨雷斯和其他研究人员也在他的工作中发现了铅铅矿。

“It tells us also that those recipes were passed on for centuries,” Gonzalez said. “It was a very good recipe.” 

“它还告诉我们，这些食谱已经传承了几个世纪，”冈萨雷斯说。“这是一个非常好的食谱。” 

Leonardo is thought to have melted lead oxide powder, which has an orange color, in linseed or walnut oil to make it thicker and dry faster. 

人们认为列奥纳多将橙色的氧化铅粉末融化在亚麻籽油或核桃油中，使其变得更稠并且干燥得更快。 

“What you will obtain is an oil that has a very nice golden color,” Gonzalez said. “It flows more like honey.” 

“你将获得一种具有非常漂亮的金色的油，”冈萨雷斯说。“它更像蜂蜜一样流动。” 

But the Mona Lisa — said by the Louvre to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk merchant — and additional works by Leonardo still have other secrets to tell. 

但《蒙娜丽莎》——卢浮宫称其为佛罗伦萨丝绸商人妻子丽莎·盖拉迪尼的肖像——以及列奥纳多的其他作品仍有其他秘密需要讲述。 

“There are plenty, plenty more things to discover,” Gonzalez said. “What we are saying is just a little brick more in the knowledge.” 

“还有很多很多东西有待发现，”冈萨雷斯说。“我们所说的只是知识上的一点积木。”

We're all familiar with the idea of climate change and how our planet is warming. Extremes in temperature have become more commonplace, making parts of the world difficult to live in. But one place where excessive heat is making life very uncomfortable is our cities. Luckily, innovation might be keeping a lid on it. 

我们都熟悉气候变化的概念以及地球如何变暖。 极端温度已经变得越来越普遍，使得世界上的一些地方变得难以居住。但是，过度炎热使生活变得非常不舒服的一个地方就是我们的城市。 幸运的是，创新可能会限制这种情况。 

As thermometers record temperatures, sometimes above 50 degrees Celsius, solutions are being sought to cool the air in our cities. In India, for example, heatwaves and rapid urbanisation have led to a big rise in the use of air-conditioning units, adding to CO2 emissions. So, architects, looking for a sustainable cooling solution, are reviving an ancient 'lattice' design, used in old buildings like the Taj Mahal, to construct comfortable, low-carbon buildings. Yatin Pandya told the BBC: "Traditional architectural forms have proven their performance in combatting environmental conditions." 

随着温度计记录的温度有时超过 50 摄氏度，人们正在寻求解决方案来冷却我们城市的空气。 例如，在印度，热浪和快速城市化导致空调使用量大幅增加，增加了二氧化碳排放量。 因此，寻求可持续冷却解决方案的建筑师正在复兴泰姬陵等老建筑中使用的古老“格子”设计，以建造舒适的低碳建筑。 亚廷·潘迪亚 (Yatin Pandya) 告诉英国广播公司：“传统的建筑形式已经证明了其在应对环境条件方面的性能。” 

In America, about 80% of the population lives in cities, and it's these cities that suffer from an urban heat island effect, caused by factors such as trapped waste heat, concrete structures and pavements absorbing the sun and tall buildings blocking the wind. Residents and developers have tried to heatproof these places by planting large trees that offer shade and putting plants and gardens on top of roofs that use vegetation to help trap heat. And in Los Angeles, there's an experiment to cover streets with light-coloured material that reflects rather than absorbs the sun and so they remain cooler than typical black roads. 

在美国，大约80%的人口居住在城市，正是这些城市遭受了城市热岛效应，其原因包括废热滞留、混凝土结构和路面吸收阳光、高层建筑挡风等因素。 居民和开发商试图通过种植大树来遮荫，并在屋顶上种植植物和花园，利用植被来帮助吸收热量，从而为这些地方隔热。 在洛杉矶，正在进行一项实验，用浅色材料覆盖街道，这种材料可以反射而不是吸收阳光，因此它们比典型的黑色道路保持凉爽。 

But it's satellites in space that are really giving us the best picture of our over-heated cities. Glynn Hulley, who is leading an image-capturing project, called the Land Surface Temperature Monitoring mission, told the BBC: "The data can be used to identify hotspots, vulnerable regions, and assess the cooling impacts of heat mitigation approaches." It's already found how green spaces, white roads and water features, have helped prevent our cities from boiling over. But with excessive heat still posing a threat to our lives, more solutions are still needed. 

但真正为我们提供过热城市的最佳图像的是太空中的卫星。 格林·赫尔利（Glynn Hulley）领导了一个名为“地表温度监测任务”的图像捕捉项目，他告诉英国广播公司：“这些数据可用于识别热点、脆弱区域，并评估缓解热量方法的冷却影响。” 人们已经发现绿色空间、白色道路和水景如何帮助防止我们的城市沸腾。 但由于高温仍然对我们的生活构成威胁，仍然需要更多的解决方案。 

词汇表

extreme 极端
excessive heat 过热，极度高温
innovation 创新
keep a lid on (something) 防止（情况）失控
thermometer 温度计
heatwave 热浪，酷热期
urbanisation 城市化
air-conditioning unit 空调
sustainable 可持续的，长期有效的
low-carbon 低碳的
combat 抵御，对抗
urban heat island effect 城市热岛效应
trapped waste heat 散发不出去的废热
heatproof 使…隔热
shade 阴凉处
vegetation 植物，植被
reflect 反射
over-heated 过热的，气温过高的
hotspot 高温地区，热点
cooling 降温，冷却
mitigation 缓解
green spaces 绿地，绿色空间
water features 人工水景
boiling over （变得）过热

Haruka: Mark, you have a podcast, right? 

Haruka：马克，你有播客，对吧？ 

Mark: Yes, I do. 

马克：是的，我有。

Haruka: What's your podcast about? 

Haruka：你的播客是关于什么的？ 

Mark It's called Zen Sammich, but it's about Zen, but I also cast the net pretty wide. So I talk about a lot of different topics. 

马克：它叫 Zen Sammich，但它是关于禅宗的，但我也把网撒得很广。所以我谈论了很多不同的话题。 

Haruka: Like what? 

Haruka：比如什么？ 

Mark: Well, I've had guests on there from MMA fighters. If you know what an MMA fighter is, mixed martial arts fighters to artists and musicians. I've had a famous photographer, pretty much any kind of career field you can imagine. 

马克：嗯，我有来自综合格斗选手的客人。如果您知道 MMA 拳手是什么，那么混合武术拳手就是艺术家和音乐家。我有一位著名的摄影师，几乎可以从事任何你能想象的职业领域。 

Haruka: Yeah. How many episodes have you done so far? 

Haruka：是的。到目前为止你已经拍了多少集了？ 

Mark: Well, I've done about 46 or 47 so far. 

马克：嗯，到目前为止我已经做了大约 46 或 47 个。 

Haruka：Is it hard work to produce one? 

Haruka：制作一个很辛苦吗？ 

Mark: It's a lot more work than I thought. When I started the project of doing a podcast, I thought that it was going to be turning on a microphone and just recording people, talking, and that'd be it. But there is so much more to it from sound editing, video editing if I record the video of an interview, to marketing there. There's a lot more to it than I thought. 

马克：这比我想象的要多得多。当我开始做播客的项目时，我以为只要打开麦克风，记录人们的谈话，就这样了。但还有很多事情要做，从声音编辑、视频编辑（如果我录制采访视频）到营销。事情比我想象的要多得多。 

Haruka: How long have you been doing it? 

Haruka：你这样做多久了？ 

Mark: I've been doing it for about seven months now. 

马克：我已经这样做了大约七个月了。 

Haruka: Seven months. All right. And what made you think, starting a podcast? 

Haruka：七个月。好的。是什么让您想到开始播客？ 

Mark: Well, originally I had a website that was a blog. I wrote articles or I would get some people I knew to write articles for it. And from that I thought, well, I would rather record a conversation than write an article and I enjoy listening to podcasts. So I thought, why not? So the blog turned into the podcast. 

马克：嗯，最初我有一个博客网站。我写文章或者我会让一些我认识的人为其写文章。由此我想，好吧，我宁愿记录一段对话，也不愿写一篇文章，而且我喜欢听播客。所以我想，为什么不呢？所以博客变成了播客。 

Haruka: So do you love it? 

Haruka: 所以你喜欢它吗?

Mark: Yes. I mean, it's one of the most enjoyable things I've ever done as a personal project. Although, like I said before, it involves so much extra work. I don't love everything about it. I don't love marketing it, but I do love the creation part of it. 

马克：是的。我的意思是，这是我作为个人项目做过的最有趣的事情之一。尽管，就像我之前说过的，它涉及很多额外的工作。我并不喜欢它的一切。我不喜欢营销它，但我确实喜欢它的创作部分。 

Haruka: Before becoming a podcaster. What were you doing? 

Haruka：在成为播客之前。你在做什么？ 

Mark: Well, I used to be a lawyer and I also used to teach at a university. 马克：嗯，我曾经是一名律师，也曾经在一所大学教书。 

Haruka: It's a multi-talented personality. 

Haruka：是一个多才多艺的人。 

Mark: Well, I guess. I just didn't love those things as much as I do podcasting. 

马克：嗯，我想。我只是不像播客那样喜欢这些东西。 

Haruka: So what other jobs have you done? 

Haruka：那你还做过什么工作？ 

Mark: I've had lots of jobs over the years. I've worked in the restaurant business. I've worked for a plant nursery. I've worked at a hotel before, but my main career type jobs were being a lawyer or being a teacher. And I'm trying to turn podcasting into hopefully my final career. 

马克：这些年来我做过很多工作。我曾在餐馆工作过。我曾在一家植物苗圃工作过。我以前在酒店工作过，但我的主要职业类型是律师或教师。我正在努力将播客变成我最后的职业。 

Haruka: So the experience as lawyer and teacher helping podcast? Haruka：作为律师和老师帮助播客的经历？ 

Mark: Actually yes. Being a teacher, because my podcast has a education element to it. I teach people about Zen. So I certainly use some of my previous teaching skills in terms of organizing my thoughts into what I'm going to say as a tool for how I create a podcast episode. 

马克：实际上是的。作为一名教师，因为我的播客有教育元素。我教人们禅宗。因此，我当然会使用我以前的一些教学技巧来将我的想法组织成我要说的内容，作为我如何创建播客剧集的工具。 

Haruka: If I wanted to start a podcasting, what advice would you give me? Haruka：如果我想开始播客，你会给我什么建议？ 

Mark: To just do it. I think the starting part is the hardest for a number of reasons. One, people usually hate the sound of their own voice when they hear it recorded. Because it doesn't sound the same to them as it does in their head when they speak. Hearing your recorded voice, it always sounds funny to people. So you have to get used to that part, and it's a little nerve wracking at first. You're a little nervous the first time you try it, but eventually, you get over all that stuff. 

马克：只是去做。我认为出于多种原因，开始部分是最难的。第一，人们通常讨厌听到自己录制的声音。因为他们说话时听起来和他们脑子里的声音不一样。听到你录制的声音，人们总是觉得很有趣。所以你必须习惯这部分，一开始有点伤脑筋。第一次尝试时你会有点紧张，但最终你会克服所有这些事情。 

Haruka: Do you interview people? 

Haruka：你采访别人吗？ 

Mark: I do, almost 50/50. Half the time, I interview someone and the other half of the time, it's just me. I just do a solo podcast. 

马克：我愿意，几乎是 50/50。一半的时间，我采访某人，另一半的时间，只有我自己。我只是做一个个人播客。 

Haruka: For solo episode. How many hours would you spend to as a preparation? 

Haruka：单独的一集。您会花多少小时来准备？ 

Mark: Well, I mean, from start to finish, it's maybe ten hours on an episode, because then I'll prepare for an hour, recording it takes not just the amount of time of the episode, but I might have to record several times or rerecord, then I have to edit it and then of course I've got to do the marketing. So I'm just guessing, but maybe about ten hours for a single episode. 

马克：嗯，我的意思是，从开始到结束，一集可能有十个小时，因为然后我会准备一个小时，录制它不仅需要剧集的时间，而且我可能需要录制几个 次或重新录制，然后我必须编辑它，当然我还必须进行营销。所以我只是猜测，但一集可能大约十个小时。

The Titanic lies nearly 4,000 metres down in the Atlantic, but she's so huge that in the gloom, cameras can only show tantalising snapshots of the decaying ship – never the whole thing. 

泰坦尼克号船体残骸沉没在大西洋海下近4000米处，由于船体巨大，在昏暗的海底，相机只能拍到这艘腐朽沉船的局部照片，很难捕捉到船的全貌。 

This new full-sized scan reveals the wreck in its entirety. Using submersibles, the deep-sea mapping company Magellan, and the documentary makers Atlantic Productions, have created an unprecedented 3D view of the Titanic, enabling the liner to be seen as if the water had been drained away. 

这个新的全尺寸扫描模型展现了沉船的全貌。深海测绘公司麦哲伦（Magellan）和纪录片制作公司大西洋制作公司（Atlantic Productions）利用深潜器材，创建了一个史无前例的泰坦尼克号3D模型视图，所呈现的这艘巨轮的面貌就像它周围的海水已被排干了一样。 

The bow covered in stalactites of rust is still instantly recognisable, but the stern is a tangle of metal, where it collapsed as it corkscrewed into the seabed. Minute details can be seen, including individual rivets and the serial number on a propeller. The team hopes the scan will reveal more about the Titanic and how she sank. 

船头虽然覆盖着如钟乳石般悬垂的铁锈，却仍清晰可辨，而船尾则是扭成一团的金属，这是因为当年它在被卷入海底时散架了。船体残骸的微小细节一览无遗，包括单个铆钉和螺旋桨上的序列号。制作团队希望这个扫描模型能揭示更多关于泰坦尼克号及其沉没过程的信息。

Todd: Okay, here's another thing. It's a little bit impolite. What about looking at other people's monitor over their shoulder? 'Cause you just mentioned the BTS. One thing I have to admit is, because I don't have my phone out and I am looking around, I have a tendency to see, wanna check and see what's on everybody's phone. And it's total intrusion. It's creepy in a way, but it's also because in Asia I'm a little bit taller than the average person, so I'm looking down and I can see everybody's monitor. And yeah, do you ever find yourself doing that too? 

托德：好吧，还有一件事。这有点不礼貌。越过肩膀看别人的显示器怎么样？因为你刚刚提到了 BTS。我必须承认的一件事是，因为我没有拿出手机，而是环顾四周，所以我倾向于查看、想要检查并查看每个人手机上的内容。这是完全的入侵。从某种程度上来说这很令人毛骨悚然，但这也是因为在亚洲我比一般人高一点，所以我低头就能看到每个人的显示器。是的，你也发现自己也这样做过吗？ 

Angela: I do, yeah. But like you, I think it's impolite. 

安吉拉：我做过，是的，但跟你一样，我也认为那个不礼貌。

Todd: Right. So you gotta pull away, I know I shouldn't do it. 

托德：对。所以你必须离开，我知道我不应该这样做。 

Angela: But you know the worst thing with phones these days, the worst thing from my point of view is the amount of pictures that people take of themselves everywhere, on the BTS, on the subway, eating. I've been to S21 in Cambodia where those poor people were slaughtered basically, and there are people in front of pictures of these people who were killed, and they are just literally taking selfies of themselves, you know, this world isn't about you. It's sometimes, just stop and look and listen. 

安吉拉：但是你知道现在手机最糟糕的事情，从我的角度来看，最糟糕的事情是人们在任何地方拍摄自己的照片，在 BTS 上、在地铁上、在吃饭时。我去过柬埔寨的S21，那里的穷人基本上都被屠杀了，有人在这些被杀者的照片前，他们只是在自拍，你知道，这个世界不是关于 你。有时，只需停下来看看、听一听。 

Todd: Yeah, the selfie thing, I did a little bit. Sometimes I would do it almost like it's sending a postcard. 

托德：是的，自拍这件事，我做了一点。有时我会像寄明信片一样这样做。

Angela: Yeah 

安吉拉：是的 

Todd: You know what I mean? "Oh, look, I'm here." But I have to admit, yeah, I don't really like doing it, yeah. 

托德：你明白我的意思吗？“哦，你看，我来了。” 但我必须承认，是的，我真的不喜欢这样做，是的。 

Angela: I'm gonna take the shot again, the shot again. I use selfies in a group, because I think they're fun. It's actually quite fun to see one person in the front and the rest in the back. 

安吉拉：我要再开枪，再开枪。我在团体中使用自拍照，因为我认为它们很有趣。看到一个人在前面，其他人在后面，其实挺有趣的。 

Todd: Yes. 

托德：是的。 

Angela: And it usually means that I can get further back in the photograph, so that's always a good thing. 

安吉拉：这通常意味着我可以在照片中看到更远的地方，所以这总是一件好事。

Todd: Oh, yeah, that's true. So but, that's good that you admit you do some selfies. 

托德：哦，是的，确实如此。所以，但是，你承认你做了一些自拍照，这很好。

Angela: Yeah, yeah, yeah, with groups. And if I'm taking a group in the class, I'll get one of them to take the photograph. 

安吉拉：是的，是的，是的，有团体。如果我在班上带领一群人，我会让其中一个人拍照。 

Todd: Yeah. What about the ... mild pet peeve of mine, not a pet peeve, but people taking photos of their food. I don't know why it's a thing. 

托德：是的。 那……我的轻微的烦恼呢？不是烦恼，而是人们给食物拍照。 我不知道为什么会有这样的事情。 

Angela: Why? Eat it. Todd: Yeah, exactly, enjoy it. Enjoy the memory. It's interesting that you said that about Cambodia. A woman, a group of women once said something that was really like just a spear in the heart, really made me think. I was in Cambodia, this was years ago, and I was at Angkor, at Baton, Bayon, or I can't say it right, but where they have the beautiful face sculptures, and I'm like, "Oh, I gotta get a photo." And so there was a woman just sitting there, relaxed, she was maybe French or something, she was European, and she was like, "Oh, you want me to take your photo?" And I go, "Yeah, yeah, yeah." 

托德：是的，确实如此，享受吧。 享受记忆。 有趣的是你对柬埔寨的评价。 一个女人，一群女人，曾经说过一句话，就像一根矛刺在心上，真的让我深思。 我在柬埔寨，那是几年前的事了，我在吴哥，在巴顿，巴戎寺，或者我不能说对，但是那里有美丽的面部雕塑，我想，“哦，我得 拍张照片。” 所以有一个女人坐在那里，很放松，她可能是法国人或其他什么人，她是欧洲人，她说，“哦，你想让我给你拍照吗？” 我说：“是啊，是啊，是啊。” 

So then she takes it, she takes my photo, this was before cell phone cameras. And then I'm like, okay, I have to reciprocate. I go, "Oh, would you like me to take a photo of you?" She's like, "No." I'm like, "You don't have a camera?" And she goes, "No," and she just points at her head and she taps her head like this, and she goes, "It's all up here." And I was like, "Wow." She was really- 

然后她拿走了，她拍了我的照片，这是在手机相机出现之前。 然后我想，好吧，我必须回报。 我说：“哦，你愿意我给你拍张照片吗？” 她说：“不。” 我说：“你没有相机吗？” 她说，“不，”她只是指着自己的头，像这样轻拍她的头，然后她说，“全都在这里了。” 我当时想，“哇。” 她真的是—— 

Angela: amazing, yeah. 

安吉拉：太棒了，是的。

Todd: ... kind of like, politely saying, "Just, I'm never gonna ..." I've never forgotten how all those things look, I've never forgotten her sitting on the rock when she said that. So wise advice I think. 

托德：……有点像，礼貌地说，“只是，我永远不会……”我永远不会忘记所有这些事情的样子，我永远不会忘记她说这句话时坐在岩石上的样子。 我认为这是明智的建议。 

Angela: Yeah, I think so. Todd: Now, actually you are in photography. Do you think that actually taking so many ... I'm sorry, you have a photography business. 

托德：现在，实际上你正在从事摄影工作。 你以为居然拍了这么多……对不起，你是做摄影生意的。 

Angela: Yes. 

安吉拉：是的。

Todd: Do you think that actually taking so many photographs lessens the value of the art of photography and really appreciating a good picture? 

托德：你认为拍摄这么多照片是否会降低摄影艺术的价值以及真正欣赏一张好照片的价值？

Angela: Yes, I think it does. And I think that a lot of the apps and the things that you can use these days to improve photographs take away the real skill of the photographer, using the light, using the lines, using what's in the photograph to make a really good shot. I think people miss that these days. 

安吉拉：是的，我想是的。 我认为现在很多可以用来改善照片的应用程序和东西都剥夺了摄影师的真正技能，即使用光线、使用线条、使用照片中的内容来拍出真正好的照片。 我想现在人们很怀念这一点。

Todd: Yeah. That is true. Anyway, so today, no using your phone. 

托德：是的。 那是真实的。 无论如何，所以今天不要使用手机。

Angela: No, I did hear it go, "Bing, bing."

安吉拉：不，我确实听到了“Bing，Bing”的声音。

Todd: So I'm here with Angela, and in a previous interview we were talking about kids and technology and devices, and how these days often people look at their device when they're with another person. How do you feel about that? If you're eating with somebody, you're at dinner, is it okay to check your phone? 

托德：我和安吉拉一起在这里，在之前的一次采访中，我们讨论了孩子、技术和设备，以及现在人们在与另一个人在一起时通常如何看待他们的设备。你对这件事有什么感想？如果你和别人一起吃饭，吃饭的时候，可以看一下你的手机吗？

Angela: We have a rule in our house, no phones at the table. Absolutely no phones. 

安吉拉：我们家有一条规定，桌上不准打电话。绝对没有电话。 

Todd: Very nice. 

托德：非常好。 

Angela: Because you know, you see people, they meet in restaurants, they sit around a table, the food comes, but everybody's looking into their phone, and engaging with whatever they're doing on their phone, and not talking to the people who have met them. And I see people walking on the subway, the street, head in their phone. It's ... 

安吉拉：因为你知道，你看到人们在餐馆里见面，他们围坐在桌子旁，食物来了，但每个人都在看他们的手机，并参与他们在手机上所做的任何事情，而不是与人们交谈 谁见过他们。我看到人们走在地铁、街上，低头玩手机。它是 ...

Todd: It is crazy. 

托德：这太疯狂了。 

Angela: It's really sad. 

安吉拉：真的很难过。 

Todd: And if you think about it, we used to have manners. Things you couldn't do. For example, no elbows on the table, no hats inside the house. I mean it sounds silly, but I remember those rules as a kid. The one that was really hard was the no elbows on the table. Yeah, so it's interesting that we don't have new rules, like we should reinvent them. You can't have your phone on during the plane when it takes off, so your rule is a good idea. 

托德：如果你想一想，我们过去很有礼貌。你做不到的事情。例如，手肘不得放在桌子上，屋内不得戴帽子。我的意思是这听起来很傻，但我小时候记得这些规则。真正困难的是桌子上没有肘部。是的，有趣的是我们没有新的规则，就像我们应该重新发明它们一样。飞机起飞时您不能打开手机，因此您的规则是个好主意。

Angela: Yeah, no phones at the table. 

安吉拉：是的，桌上没有电话。 

Todd: So you're an English teacher, what do you think about phones in the classroom? 

托德：那么你是一名英语老师，你对课堂上的手机有何看法？ 

Angela: If they're on a break, I always call it their text break, because when I'm teaching English out here I find that people have got their phone to their hand, and maybe they're Googling a word or something, so it's not too much of a distraction. But when you stop them for a break, as soon as you say "let's have a break now," they're all after their phones, and they're sitting individually looking at their phones. 

安吉拉：如果他们休息，我总是称其为短信休息，因为当我在这里教英语时，我发现人们手里拿着手机，也许他们正在谷歌搜索某个单词或其他东西， 所以这不会造成太多干扰。但当你阻止他们休息时，只要你说“我们现在休息一下吧”，他们就都在追手机，而且他们各自坐着看手机。 

Todd: And it's silent, I know what you mean. I'll teach, and it used to be you would say "okay take a break," and it would be really loud, they would start talking with each other. And these days it's just silence, they just go and they do that motion of just flicking with their finger, as they're scrolling down. And I know I just sound like some old guy, "hey, get off my lawn!" And I have the same problem, I want to check my phone all the time, but I have to admit it's strange I think. 

托德：而且很安静，我知道你的意思。我会教，过去你会说“好吧，休息一下”，声音会很大，他们会开始互相交谈。如今，一切都很安静，他们只是走过去，在向下滚动时用手指轻弹一下。我知道我听起来就像个老家伙，“嘿，离开我的草坪！” 我也有同样的问题，我想一直检查我的手机，但我不得不承认我认为这很奇怪。 

Angela: And now you needn't even check your phone, you just look at your Apple watch or your watch on your wrist, it's going to tell you if your phone needs your attention. 

安吉拉：现在你甚至不需要检查你的手机，你只需看看你的 Apple Watch 或手腕上的手表，它就会告诉你你的手机是否需要你的关注。 

Todd: But it used to be where I would say things like, you know as a teacher you're teaching, you can see if the student's looking down at their phone, and I would say "hey, don't check your phone." But now these days kids actually call me on it, they're like, "Oh, I'm looking up a word," or "Oh, I'm checking something," and they literally are checking something. And the kids are good at using their phone as a learning tool - 

托德：但过去我会说这样的话，你知道，作为一名老师，你正在教学，你可以看到学生是否低头看手机，我会说“嘿，不要检查你的手机。” 但现在，孩子们实际上打电话给我，他们会说，“哦，我正在查找一个单词”，或者“哦，我正在检查一些东西”，他们实际上是在检查一些东西。孩子们很擅长使用手机作为学习工具 - 

Angela: Yes, I think that's fine. 

安吉拉：是的，我认为那还行。

Todd: So it is, it's a gray area these days. Yeah. So when you're with somebody you never pop out your phone? 

托德：确实如此，现在这是一个灰色地带。是的。那么当你和某人在一起时你从不拿出手机吗？ 

Angela: I would admit that I will be guilty of checking my phone in my bag, but I would never get it out and go on Facebook or Instagram and start Instagramming, I would just look at it and put it away. 

安吉拉：我承认我会因为检查包里的手机而感到内疚，但我永远不会把它拿出来上 Facebook 或 Instagram 并开始 Instagram，我只会看看它然后把它收起来。

Todd: Yeah. There's other things I've done, I mean could be because I'm getting older, but for example I try not to listen to my iPod so much anymore, or my phone. Radio, music, whatever. I actually just try to listen. I notice that when I am always listening to everything I kind of tune the world out, and I might miss things. 

托德：是的。我还做过其他事情，我的意思是可能是因为我变老了，但例如我尽量不再听我的 iPod 或手机。广播、音乐等等。我其实只是试着听。我注意到，当我总是听所有的东西时，我就会把世界排除在外，而且我可能会错过一些东西。

Angela: You will miss things. You see people, I've been quite tempted some days to put my earphones in and walk to the BTS, but actually I think, no, you'd miss the traffic noise, you miss the tuk tuks, you miss a dimension of the world that's happening around you. And then you get on the BTS and everybody in the carriage is head down, same position, on their phones. 

安吉拉：你会想念一些事情的。你看，有些天我很想戴上耳机步行去 BTS，但实际上我认为，不，你会错过交通噪音，你会错过嘟嘟车，你会错过地铁的某个维度。你周围发生的世界。然后你上了 BTS，车厢里的每个人都低着头，保持着同样的姿势，拿着手机。 

Todd: Yeah. And actually I don't do it just for that reason, because I noticed that I'm missing out. It's so tempting, but I might see something. 

托德：是的。事实上，我这样做不仅仅是因为这个原因，因为我注意到我错过了。这太诱人了，但我可能会看到一些东西。