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社评：落实“一中政策”是中美关系稳定的前提｜One-China policy key to Sino-US relations

The widespread attention being given to the virtual meeting the Chinese and US leaders are due to hold on Tuesday, speaks volumes of the worldwide hopes that they can firmly set relations between the two countries on a cooperative track.

中美领导人视频会晤定于2021年11月16日举行。这次会晤举世瞩目，两国人民和国际社会翘首企盼中美关系能重回合作的正轨。

They have spoken on the telephone twice — on Feb 11 and Sept 10 — and both times there has been notable, and to various degrees, constructive interaction between the two sides afterwards. It is hoped that will also be the case this time, as their first virtual meeting comes at a time when US actions regarding Taiwan have been a source of growing friction.

中美领导人曾于2月11日、9月10日两次互通电话。这两次沟通均取得显著成果，双方交换了不同程度的建设性意见。时下台海局势紧张，美国动作频频，希望此次中美领导人首次视频会晤能同之前两次电话会谈那般，缓和日益加剧的中美摩擦。

Managing the two countries' competition responsibly is of vital importance to prevent the island from becoming a flashpoint for conflict.

两国应以负责任的态度管控中美之间的竞争，对于防止两国因台湾问题爆发冲突至关重要。

Beijing has repeatedly made it clear to Washington that Taiwan is its core interest and that actions emboldening Taiwan secessionists in their brinksmanship have the potential to not only instantly derail Sino-US relations but also lead the world into an abyss.

中央政府一再表明，台湾问题触及中方核心利益，若美方怂恿“台独”分子，玩弄边缘政策，只会迅速破坏中美关系，把世界推向深渊。

That's why in a telephone conversation with US Secretary of State Anthony Blinken on Saturday, which was apparently arranged to settle details for the virtual meeting between the two sides' leaders, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi reiterated that history and reality have proved that "Taiwan independence" is the biggest threat to the peace in the region, and warned that any support to "Taiwan independence" forces risks damaging regional peace and eventually causing damage to the US itself.

11月13日，国务委员兼外长王毅应约同美国国务卿布林肯通电话，确保16日的重要会晤顺利开展。交谈中，王毅进一步表明中方严正立场：历史和现实已充分证明，“台独”是台海和平稳定的最大威胁，任何对“台独”势力的纵容和支持，都是对台海和平的破坏，最终都将自食其果。

While it was good that US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan told the media earlier this month that the US does not seek to change China's political system and it wants to co-exist with China. Washington should know that to support the secessionists on the island in their endeavor to split the country is also intolerable to Beijing.

本月早些时候，美国国家安全顾问杰克·沙利文接受采访时表示，美国并非寻求改变中国的政治制度，而是寻求对华关系的和睦。美国政府心知肚明，任何支持“台独”分裂国家的行径，中国政府绝不容忍。

It is to be hoped that the meeting can impress on US President Joe Biden that Beijing is resolved to realize national reunification in the foreseeable future no matter the cost, and prompt his administration to seriously weigh the US' gains and losses in throwing its weight behind the Taiwan secessionists in a bid to unsettle Beijing.

希望通过此次会晤，拜登总统能深刻认识到，中央政府决心不惜一切代价，在不久的将来实现国家统一，同时敦促美国政府，认真权衡支持“台独”分裂、挑衅中央政府的得与失。

Biden should clearly state his administration's opposition to "Taiwan independence" and affirm it will uphold the commitments the US made in the three China-US joint communiques.

拜登应当明确表示，美国政府反对“台独”，并坚持美国在中美三个联合公报中所作的承诺。

The recent unheralded announcement at COP 26 in Glasgow that China and the US had agreed to boost their climate co-operation over the 2020s has put the two sides' relations in a more positive light. If the US side upholds the one-China policy, it is widely expected that the meeting will turn up the brightness by yielding results beneficial to both countries and the world at large. 

在联合国气候变化格拉斯哥大会期间，中美两国联合签署《中美关于在21世纪20年代强化气候行动的格拉斯哥联合宣言》，或将成为两国关系积极发展的新起点。若美方坚持一中原则，此次会晤定将愈发明朗，最终取得对两国和世界都有利的结果。

flashpoint

英 [ˈflæʃpɔɪnt]；美[ˈflæʃpɔɪnt]  

n. 一触即发；导火索；冲突爆发的地点

brinksmanship（英）；brinkmanship（美）

英 [ˈbrɪŋksmənʃɪp]；美[ˈbrɪŋkmənʃɪp]  

n. （军）边缘政策

intolerable

英 [ɪnˈtɒlərəbl]；美[ɪnˈtɑːlərəbl]  

adj. 忍不了的；不能容忍的；不可接受的

in the foreseeable future

英 [ɪn ðə fɔːˈsiːəbl ˈfjuːtʃə(r)]；美[ɪn ðə fɔːrˈsiːəbl ˈfjuːtʃər]  

在可预见的未来；不久的将来；马上

A key Party meeting has adopted a landmark resolution on the major achievements and historical experience of the Communist Party of China's endeavors in the 100 years of its glorious journey, urging all Party members to stay true to the Party's founding mission to better uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

The four-day sixth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, which ended on Thursday in Beijing, also adopted a resolution on convening the 20th CPC National Congress in the second half of next year in Beijing.

Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, delivered a work report at the meeting on behalf of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He also explained the draft of the resolution on the major achievements and historical experience of the CPC's 100 years of endeavors.

▲ Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, delivers a speech at the sixth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in Beijing, which was held from Monday to Thursday. Ju Peng/Xinhua

Reflecting on the major achievements and historical experience of the Party is essential in embarking on the new journey of comprehensively building China into a modern socialist country and upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, said a communique released after the meeting.

It is also important to advance the Party's self-reform, improve its ability to cope with risks and challenges, always maintain its vigor and vitality and continue to unite and lead all of the Chinese people to strive to realize the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation, the communique said.

All Party members should fully understand from the CPC's 100 years of endeavors why it was successful in the past and how it can continue to succeed in the future, the communique added.

The participants in the meeting reflected on the great achievements the Party has made in the country's new-democratic revolution, socialist revolution and construction, reform and opening-up as well as socialist modernization process, saying that the endeavors of the Party and the people over the past century represent the most magnificent chapter in the millennia-long history of the Chinese nation.

▲ The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee presides over the sixth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in Beijing, capital of China. Yan Yan/ Xinhua

They stressed the significance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in advancing the cause of the Party and the State, and said the Thought is the Marxism of contemporary China and of the 21st century. "It embodies the best of the Chinese culture and ethos in our times and represents a new breakthrough in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context," the communique said.

The participants in the meeting highlighted Xi's core position on the CPC Central Committee and in the whole Party, saying that it demonstrates the common will of the Party, the armed forces and the Chinese people of all ethnic groups. It is of decisive significance for advancing the cause of the Party and the State in the new era and for driving forward the historic process of national rejuvenation, according to the communique.

▲ Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, and the six other members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee vote during the sixth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in Beijing. Li Tao/Xinhua

During the meeting, the participants hailed what the Party has achieved since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 in the fields of Party building, economic growth, reform and opening-up, ecological conservation, cultural and social progress, national defense and foreign affairs, as well as in promoting law-based governance, safeguarding national security and upholding the policy of "one country, two systems" and advancing national reunification.

"We uphold the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus. We firmly oppose separatist activities seeking 'Taiwan independence'. We firmly oppose foreign interference. We have maintained the initiative and ability to steer cross-Straits relations," the communique said.

The meeting required all Party members to "have a precise grasp of historical trends, stand firm in our ideals and convictions, and stay true to our Party's founding mission", guard against arrogance and rashness, not be intimidated by any risks or led astray by any distractions, and avoid making catastrophic mistakes on fundamental issues.

In the new development stage, efforts should be made to apply the new development philosophy, foster a new development paradigm and promote high-quality development, said the communique.

While underlining the importance of deepening reform and expanding opening-up across the board, the participants in the meeting stressed the need to promote common prosperity for all, and build up the country's strength in science and technology.

"We should develop whole-process people's democracy and ensure it is the people who run the country," the communique said. "We need to balance development and security imperatives, move faster to modernize national defense and the armed forces, and take well-coordinated steps toward making our people prosperous, our nation strong, and our country beautiful."

Highlighting the importance of continuing to advance the great project of Party building in the new era through exercising full and rigorous self-governance, the meeting asked all Party members to remain committed to improving their conduct, upholding their integrity and combating corruption.

"The entire Party must forever maintain close ties with the people and act in line with the people-centered philosophy of development, so as to better realize, safeguard, and advance the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people," the communique said.

A total of 197 members and 151 alternate members of the CPC Central Committee attended the meeting. Members of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and leading officials of other relevant departments, some grassroots representatives who were delegates to the 19th CPC National Congress, along with experts and scholars, attended the meeting in a non-voting capacity.

记者：曹德胜

Short videos, livestreaming redefine retail︱短视频+直播 重新定义产品销售

From the outside, Liu Bing, 35, is a vlogger on Douyin, China's leading short video app, where he imparts so-called life lessons through a series of two-minute video clips to the younger generation, or "between 18 and 28 years old", as he precisely put it.

表面上看，35岁的刘冰只是名入驻抖音的视频博主，以视频剪辑合集的形式向年轻一代，也就是他口中“18至28岁的年轻人”传授人生经验。

But a more ambitious plan is in the making: when the current 30,000 followers grow to a size of 50,000 and beyond, Liu will consider introducing necklaces, earrings and other jewelry items featuring Chinese characteristics that he designs, manufactures (in partnership with an original equipment manufacturer) and sells. 

实际上，刘冰的雄心不止于此。他计划在粉丝数从3万涨到5万以后，就开始营销项链、耳环一类有中国特色的珠宝，由他操刀设计，与原厂商合作生产，亲自营销。

Liu's choice of "detour" uncovered a new way of doing business: selling your persona before selling your brand.

刘冰独辟蹊径，揭示出一种新的经营手段：打造品牌前，先打造个人形象。

Enriching media forms from short videos to livestreaming are rewriting the retail playbook in China.

小到各种短视频，大到直播流媒体，丰富的媒体形式正让国内销售业脱胎换骨。

"We are witnessing a shift from rack-based shopping to discovery-based shopping, and eventually to trust-based shopping," said Jason Yu, general manager of consultancy Kantar Worldpanel China. "I choose to buy something not necessarily because of the products per se, but because of the person selling it."

凯度消费者指数大中华区总经理虞坚指出：“我们正在见证货架式购物到发现式购物，而发现式购物转向信任式购物的转变。我决定购买，不一定是因为产品本身，而是因为销售者本身。”

This retail "new normal" can be traced back to the early days of livestreaming, a real-time interaction between customers and store owners materialized by technological readiness, that is, smartphones and high-speed internet connections. 

这般零售“新常态”来源于早期的直播形式。直播，是一种通过智能手机与高速带宽连接一类的技术支持，实现顾客与店主实时交互的流媒体形式。

For long, livestreaming has remained an obscure practice. But when Taobao, China's top e-commerce site, introduced the function five years ago, it took off and turned into something of a must for businesses aspiring for a younger generation of consumers.

长期以来，流媒体直播形式无人问津。直到五年前，淘宝网推出该功能，直播才渐趋流行。现在，为刺激年轻一代消费者购物，直播已成为各类商家的必备手段。

Taobao Live is the brainchild of Zhao Lidong, who oversees product development and content commercialization at Taobao Live. She said she believes new media forms as such stand to offer sellers and influencers a more personal, straightforward way to engage with their audiences.

淘宝直播的创意来源于赵立冬，她负责淘宝直播与淘宝短视频产品的开发与内容商业化。她相信，类似这样的新媒体形式给商家和直播者提供了一种更个性化、与观众接触更直接的方式。

Today, the platform has groomed a handful of influencers, or better known as "hosts" in the online shopping lexicon, including household names Austin Li and Viya. Many admit to buying for the sake of supporting their beloved characters.

如今，该平台已经培养了不少直播红人，或者说“主播”，其中就包括家喻户晓的李佳琦和薇娅。许多顾客也承认自己是为了支持自己喜欢的主播才消费。

China's livestreaming e-commerce market reached 961 billion yuan in 2020, a jump of 121.5 percent from the previous year, according to data from iiMedia Research.

艾媒咨询数据显示，2020年，国内直播平台电子商务市场总规模达9,610亿元，同比增长121.5%。

The sector is on a steady upward trajectory to reach 1.2 billion yuan this year. 

该行业蒸蒸日上，今年预计达到1.2万亿元。

As livestreaming industry proliferates, brands can no longer solely rely on key opinion leaders－KOLs or Wang Hong－to market their projects, due to costs and quality control issues. Instead, they employ key opinion consumers－KOCs－who specialize in product reviews for a smaller patch of followers.

流媒体直播行业欣欣向荣，成本和质量控制的问题接踵而至。因此，各个品牌都不再只依靠“关键意见领袖”（网红）来营销，而是聘请那些做产品测评的，尤其是精于某一小部分群体所关注产品的“关键消费领袖”。

"KOCs make eminent sense to retailers due to their higher perceived reliability and trustworthiness," said Jennifer Ye, partner and China consumer markets leader at consultancy PwC.

普华永道公司中国风险及控制服务部合伙人兼中国消费市场行业主管合伙人叶旻女士表示：“关键消费领袖在消费者群体中有较高可信度，因而对于商家而言意义重大。”

"To appeal to younger consumers in China, it is critical for brands to find KOCs that embody the right brand values, and who can reliably connect with target audiences through user-generated content," said Ye, citing the example of Chanel partnering with a local media company to establish a network of micro-influencers.

她指出，要想吸引国内的年轻消费者，找到能传达正确品牌价值、能通过产品反馈密切联系目标受众的关键消费领袖非常重要，并举出香奈儿与当地媒体公司合作，建立微型影响力圈子的例子。

Peng Jingxuan, 26, who is doing her second master's degree in France, unexpectedly developed a cult following after posting her videos playing guzheng, a traditional Chinese musical instrument, on Bilibili, China's top video portal and community for notably the Generation Z population.

26岁的彭静旋正于法国攻读第二个硕士学位，她在bilibili——国内最大的视频门户，也是年轻一代的社区——上发布了数段弹奏古筝的视频，此后迅速走红。

During her performance, she dressed up in traditional Chinese costumes and wore makeup in ancient Chinese style. With a fan base of 1.5 million and many of her videos played more than 1 million times each, brands spanning cosmetics to snacking utilize her services.

演奏古筝时，她妆容韵古，身着传统华服，拥有近150万粉丝，许多条视频播放量均破百万。现在，大到各种化妆品，小到各类零食，许多品牌都以她的视频为媒介做推广。

"Because my videos are essentially promoting the rising China cultural tide, I'd favor brands whose brand-positioning aligns with my online persona, namely an advocate of Chinese culture," Peng said of her rationale in choosing merchants to collaborate with.

在谈及选择合作商家的标准时，她说：“本质上讲，我的视频推动了中国文化浪潮的崛起，所以我更喜欢与那些品牌定位与我的线上形象，即传播中国文化形象一致的品牌合作。”

But just as the old Chinese saying goes, "water can carry a boat, but can also overturn it", there could be potential backlash over overreliance on influencers, warned Yu from Kantar Worldpanel.

古语道，水能载舟，亦能覆舟。凯度指数总经理虞坚警告称，过度依赖网络红人还有引发集体抵制的可能。

"If a delicately curated persona collapses, the potential damage that would do to brands is beyond what they can bear."

“倘若精心塑造的人设崩塌，造成的损失或将超出品牌承受能力。”

detour

英 [ˈdiːtʊə(r)]；美 [ˈdiːtʊr]  

v. 绕道；（使）绕行

n. 迂回路；绕弯路；走远路

trajectory

英 [trəˈdʒektəri]；美 [trəˈdʒektəri]  

n. 弹道；（在空中的）轨迹

portal

英 [ˈpɔːtl]；美 [ˈpɔːrtl]  

n. （网站）门户；接入口；豪华的入口

backlash

英 [ˈbæklæʃ]；美 [ˈbæklæʃ]  

n. 强烈抵制，集体反对

Sleep with your pet? How that may affect you (and your pet)︱和宠物一起睡到底好不好？科学家帮你认清利弊

In the quest for better sleep, people often ask if they should share their bed with a pet. Before we get to that, let's take a moment to ponder the flip side: Is sleeping with you good for your pet?

不少人都有这个疑问：和宠物同床睡觉是否有助于睡眠？在回答这个问题之前，我们先从另一个角度想想：宠物和你睡在一起，是否有利于宠物本身的健康？

"In general, it is a very good thing for animals to sleep with their people." said Dr. Dana Varble, the chief veterinary officer for the North American Veterinary Community.

北美兽医社区的首席兽医官戴娜·瓦布尔医生说：“总体来说，宠物和人一起睡觉对宠物来说十分有益。”

Pets who share their human's bed tend to have a "higher trust level and a tighter bond with the humans that are in their lives. It's a big display of trust on their part," Varble said.

瓦布尔说，和人同床而眠的宠物通常“对主人更信任，更亲密，是宠物非常信任人类的表现。”

"Dogs and cats who are more closely bonded with their humans get additional health benefits, including increases in beneficial neurotransmitters such as oxytocin and dopamine, the feel-good hormones," she added.

她补充道：“像猫和狗这样，与人类更亲近的动物还能得到额外的益处，比如它们会分泌更多催产素和多巴胺等产生幸福感的神经递质。”

With that important matter out of the way, let's turn to you -- is it good for you to sleep with a pet? Experts have traditionally said no because you might not get quality shut-eye.

在搞清这个重要问题后，我们再来看宠物主人：和宠物一起睡觉对主人有好处吗？以前，专家都会给出否定答案，原因是你可能无法获得高质量睡眠。

"Animals may move, bark and disrupt sleep. Sleep in dogs (and cats) is not continuous and they will inevitably get up and walk on the bed, stepping on people. All of that activity will lead to sleep fragmentation," said Dr. Vsevolod Polotsky, director of sleep research and a professor in the department of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

约翰斯·霍普金斯大学医学院医学系教授弗谢沃洛德·波罗特斯基博士说：“动物会动来动去，大声叫唤，干扰睡眠。狗和猫的睡眠是间断性的，睡一会儿就必然会起来走动，踩到主人。这些活动都会导致主人的睡眠片段化。”

These "microawakenings," which can happen without your awareness, "are disruptive because they pull you out of deep sleep," said Kristen Knutson, an associate professor of neurology and preventive medicine at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. "They have been associated with the release of the stress hormone, cortisol, which can make sleep even worse."

西北大学范伯格医学院的神经学及预防医学副教授克里斯汀·克努森说：“这些你可能意识不到的短暂觉醒会打断你的深度睡眠，并导致皮质醇释放，而这种压力激素会让你的睡眠质量变得更糟糕。”

That may be true for many of us, but recent studies have shown that pets in the bedroom could be beneficial for some of us.

对许多人而言，和宠物共眠或许确实会影响睡眠质量。然而最新的研究表明，与宠物同睡对部分人有益。

"People with depression or anxiety may benefit from having their pet in the bed because the pet is a big pillow, a big blanket, and they may feel that snuggly, cuddly, furry creature decreases their anxiety," said sleep specialist Dr. Raj Dasgupta, an assistant professor of clinical medicine at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California.

南加州大学凯克医学院的临床医学助理教授、睡眠专家拉杰·达斯古普塔博士说：“跟宠物同睡可能会对抑郁或焦虑的人有好处，因为宠物就像一个大枕头、一条大毯子，这种温暖舒适、毛绒绒、让人想拥抱的感觉会减轻焦虑情绪。”

Data gathered in 2017 from the Mayo Clinic's Center for Sleep Medicine in Phoenix found over half of pet owners seen in the clinic allowed their pet to sleep in the bedroom -- and the majority found their pet "unobtrusive or even beneficial to sleep."

2017年凤凰城的梅奥诊所睡眠医学中心收集的数据发现，来诊所的超半数宠物主人都让宠物在卧室里睡觉，大部分人认为自己的宠物“没有干扰、甚至有助于自己的睡眠。”

About 20% however, did believe their furry friends made their slumber worse.

不过的确有20%的宠物主人认为宠物让自己的睡眠质量下降了。

Children may benefit from sleeping with a pet as well. A 2021 study asked adolescents ages 13 to 17 to wear sleep trackers for two weeks and then undergo a state-of-the-art sleep test. About a third of the kids slept with a pet, the study noted, which didn't appear to affect the quality of their rest.

孩子们也能得益于和宠物共眠。2021年的一项研究让13到17岁的青少年连续两周佩戴睡眠追踪器并接受最先进的睡眠测试。研究指出，约有三分之一的孩子和宠物一起睡，而且宠物似乎没有影响他们的睡眠质量。

Despite the new science, many of us still need to think twice about bringing our dogs, cats or indoor pigs into our beds.

尽管新科学理论认为和宠物共眠有益，但在和狗、猫或宠物猪同睡之前还是要三思。

"It is particularly harmful in people with insomnia or in patients with other sleep disorders," Polotsky said.

波罗特斯基说：“对于患有失眠或其他睡眠障碍的人来说，和宠物同睡尤其有害。”

There is another reason why snuggling with pets all night may not be good for your health. If you are one of the millions of people who suffer from asthma, allergies or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleeping with a furball could become a nightmare.

和宠物同睡对健康不利还有另一个原因。如果你是数百万哮喘、过敏或慢性阻塞性肺病患者中的一员，与宠物同睡会造成严重后果。

And there are some pets, Varble said, you should never invite to bed.

瓦布尔说，还有一些宠物是绝对不能和人同床睡觉的。

"I work with exotic pets, and a lot of them have very specific health and safety requirements, including being in an enclosure," Varble said. "So, while I know people who are very close to their ferrets and their guinea pigs, they need to be in their enclosure for their health at night. Those are not animals that we would want to have in bed with us."

瓦布尔说：“我曾经和珍禽异兽打过交道，其中不少都有特殊的健康和安全要求，包括圈养规定。我知道有些人与自己的雪貂和豚鼠非常亲密，但是为了健康着想，夜里还是应该把它们关起来。这些动物都不适合和我们同床而眠。”

ponder

英 [ˈpɒndə(r)]   美[ˈpɑːndər]  

v. 思考；沉思；琢磨；考虑

the flip side

英 [ðə flɪp saɪd]   美[ðə flɪp saɪd]  

n. 反面

insomnia

英 [ɪnˈsɒmniə]   美[ɪnˈsɑːmniə]  

n. 失眠；失眠症

furry

英 [ˈfɜːri]   美[ˈfɜːri]  

adj. 毛皮的；穿戴毛皮（衣物）的；毛绒绒的

inevitably

英 [ɪnˈevɪtəbli]   美[ɪnˈevɪtəbli]  

adv. 不可避免地；必然地

inevitable

adj. 不可避免的；必然的

Zhu Fenglian, a spokesperson for the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council, takes questions at a news briefing on Nov 10, 2021. [Photo/Xinhua]

The United States is heading down a slippery slope after a visit to Taiwan on Tuesday by a group of US Congress members, experts said. They added that the visit demonstrates that Washington is seeking to normalize diplomatic interactions with Taiwan through de facto "official" visits, thus severely damaging China-US relations and peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits.

专家称，在美国国会代表团于周二访台后，美国正在走下坡路。专家表示，这次访问表明美国正在寻求通过事实上的“官方”访问来实现美台外交往来正常化，这会严重损害中美关系以及台海和平与稳定。

On Tuesday, a US Navy C-40A military transport plane carrying the US lawmakers, including Republican Senators John Cornyn of Texas and Tommy Tuberville of Alabama, made an unannounced visit to the island. Pentagon spokesman John Kirby later confirmed the trip, which has received a strong backlash from Beijing.

周二，美国国会议员乘美国海军C-40A军用运输机窜访台湾，其中包括德克萨斯州共和党参议员约翰·科宁和阿拉巴马州参议员汤米·图伯维尔。五角大楼发言人约翰·柯比随后证实了这次访问。中方对此进行了谴责。

Kirby said on Wednesday that it was the second such congressional trip to Taiwan this year. He called the visit "fairly routine" and said it was "not uncommon for them to be transported on US military aircraft".

柯比周三表示，这是国会今年第二次访问台湾。他称这次访问“相当常见”，并表示“这些人乘坐美军用飞机并不罕见”。

Zhu Fenglian, a spokeswoman for the State Council Taiwan Affairs Office, said on Wednesday that China opposes the US having any form of diplomatic and military interactions with Taiwan, and the US should stop sending the wrong message to Taiwan separatist forces.

国台办发言人朱凤莲周三表示，中方坚决反对美国同中国台湾地区进行任何形式的官方往来和军事联系，美方应停止向“台独”分裂势力发出错误信号。

"Taiwan secession means the end of peace and the onset of calamities," she said. "We hope the vast majority of Taiwan compatriots can open their eyes and don't become the victims of Taiwan separatist forces."

她说：“台独意味着和平的丧失和灾难的降临。希望广大台湾同胞擦亮眼睛，不要成为台独分裂势力的牺牲品。”

Senior Colonel Tan Kefei, spokesman for the Ministry of National Defense, said in a statement on Tuesday that the visit by the US lawmakers has blatantly interfered in China's domestic affairs, and has seriously undermined China's territorial sovereignty and peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits.

国防部发言人谭克非大校周二在一份声明中说，美国议员此访公然干涉中国内政，严重损害中国领土主权，严重威胁台海地区和平稳定。

"The People's Liberation Army will remain on high alert, and will take all actions necessary to thwart any ploys by foreign powers and Taiwan secessionist forces," he said.

他表示：“中国人民解放军将始终保持高度戒备状态，采取一切必要措施，坚决粉碎任何外部势力干涉和台独分裂图谋。”

Tang Yonghong, deputy director of the Taiwan Research Center of Xiamen University in Fujian province, said that in recent years the US has passed several pieces of legislation that encourage diplomatic interactions with the island. Therefore, similar visits by US politicians will likely increase in the future, Tang said.

福建省厦门大学台湾研究中心副主任唐永红表示，美国近年来通过了多项鼓励与台湾进行外交往来的立法。因此，未来美国政客的类似访问可能会增加。

"We have to carefully evaluate the nature of these interactions and react accordingly based on their impact on the one-China principle and China's core interests," he said.

他表示：“我们必须仔细评估美台之间往来互动的性质，并根据它们对一个中国原则和中国核心利益的影响做出相应的反应。”

Tang said the US' long-term objective is to compete with China and contain its rise. Therefore, it is willing to play the Taiwan card to gain more geopolitical leverage against China, but it also wants to maintain a degree of strategic ambiguity to ensure the situation doesn't get out of control.

唐永红认为，美国的长期目标是与中国竞争并遏制其崛起。因此，它愿意通过打台湾牌获得更多地缘政治影响力以制衡中国，但美国也希望保持一定的战略模糊性，以确保局势不会失控。

Strategic ambiguity refers to a carefully managed diplomatic position in which Washington deliberately keeps the Chinese mainland and Taiwan guessing about its true intention regarding the Taiwan question.

战略模糊是指美国谨慎管理其外交立场，故意让中国大陆和台湾猜测其在台湾问题上的真实意图。

Li Haidong, a professor of US studies at China Foreign Affairs University, said the claim by the administration of US President Joe Biden of supporting the one-China policy is "highly deceptive", because the administration has been actively undermining China's territorial sovereignty by calling for Taiwan's participation in the United Nations.

外交学院美国研究教授李海东表示，拜登政府支持一个中国政策的声明“极具欺骗性”，因为本届美国政府一直致力于破坏中国领土主权，支持台湾加入联合国。

"The US executive branch used to enjoy some diplomatic flexibility in regard to the Taiwan question by hiding behind its strategic ambiguity," he said. "But the recent visits by US lawmakers to the island are proof that the US Congress, which is overwhelmingly in favor of building a more robust relationship with the island, is dictating the White House's China-related policy. This is a very dangerous trend."

他说：“过去，美国行政部门常常隐藏在战略模糊性的背后，在台湾问题上享有一定的外交灵活性。但最近美国国会议员窜访台湾表明，以压倒性优势支持与台湾建立更牢固关系的美国国会，正在支配着白宫的对华政策。这是一个非常危险的趋势。”

A shopaholic is a person addicted to shopping. It is not important if we talk about normal shopping in stores or internet shopping. This disorder is also called compulsive buying or oniomania.

购物狂是购物上瘾的人。至于是在店里购物还是网上购物并无关紧要。这种症状也被称为冲动性购物行为，也叫购物癖。

A shopaholic buys when he or she is sad or disappointed, usually thinks about money, and where and when will be the next shopping destination and time. A shopaholic feels excited during the actual buying of products, but afterwards, he or she feels sad or guilty.

购物狂会在情绪低落，失望消极的时候买东西。脑海里只剩多少钱能买到、下次在哪买、什么时候买……买东西时，购物狂异常兴奋，消费过后又失落沮丧，满怀愧疚。

Contrary to expected there are no gender differences in prevalence. The only difference is that men usually buy cars, tools and electronic equipment, and women, clothes and shoes.

与众人的预期恰恰相反，这种现象男女人数相当。唯一的区别在于，男性喜欢购置汽车、各类工具和电子设备；女性则倾向于购入衣装鞋履。

Usually this disorder starts in the mid-20s. People become more independent and leave their homes.

这种症状通常始于20来岁，年轻人渐渐独立，离家打拼的时候。

So, how can you know if you are addicted to shopping? You are, if you buy when you are stressed, if you cannot control it, and it has a bad influence on your daily life.

所以如何判断你是否有购物癖呢？如果你压力一大就买东西，控制不了自己的购买欲，甚至影响了日常生活，你就有购物癖。

Normal shoppers usually spend their money smart. They do not buy often, and go shopping with their friends or family. Compulsive buyer shop alone, and for them, it is the process of buying that is important, not the final product that they buy. They often feel high or a rush when they buy things.

普通消费者会把钱花在刀刃上，他们不会老是买东西，逛街购物也都和亲朋好友一起；反之，购物狂自己逛街购物。对于他们而言，购买的过程才重要，买到什么并无所谓。付钱的时候，会有一阵快感传遍全身。

Beware, there is a difference between compulsive buying and collecting. Collectors feel proud when they buy something, and the product is very important to them. A common thing is that collectors and compulsive buyers spend a lot of time on planning to shop and analyzing all specifications of a product.

注意，购物癖不等同于搞收藏。收藏家每置办一件藏品，都会倍感自豪，东西本身对他们来说很重要。共同点在于，二者会花大把时间来计划购物，挑选并对比产品指征与明细。

There is also a difference between compulsive buying and hoarding. Hoarders collect, all of the products that they buy, and even stuff that they find somewhere. Then they need to have all that stuff. Compulsive buyers buy products, which they can toss out just after they bought it. For them, the product is not as important as the process of buying.

购物狂和囤积癖也不一样。囤积者会把买到的东西，甚至是在某处找到的东西囤在一起，他们需要“拥有”的感觉。而购物癖买到的东西，到手就扔掉也没事。对他们来说，产品本身远不及购买过程重要。

Let's say you are a shopaholic, here is the circle of your thinking. First, you feel sad or not in the mood and you think “I feel better when I shop” or “shopping makes me happy.” Afterwards, you feel a desire to buy something. It is not important what. And then you think “I deserve to buy something.” You plan when and where you're going to shop. Now you feel thrilled and you buy something. But now after shopping, you feel sad again. Not only sad. You feel guilt for buying.

假设你是个购物狂，那么以下便是你的思维循环：一开始，你有点难过，心情不好，你说：“买点东西就好啦！”或者说：“买东西最快乐啦！”于是，你有了买东西的欲望，至于买什么并不重要，只是觉得该买点东西犒劳自己。你计划好哪天去哪里买，越想越兴奋，一鼓作气，付款买下。然而，钱付完的你又开始难过，甚至有点内疚，觉得不该买。

You did this because you tried to escape from sadness, or loneliness, but you are just going in circles. All you can do now is to become aware of it and try not to do it again.

你这么做只是因为你想远离悲伤，逃避孤独，殊不知陷入了恶性循环。现在，你能做的就是先意识到这点，然后打住，就此收手。

You want to know why you became a shopaholic. There are many explanations.

你为什么会有购物癖呢？成因其实很多。

One of them is your childhood. If you're neglected as a child or you had a low self-esteem; your parents bought toys for you just to compensate their love for you. All of that can be a reason to become a shopaholic.

其一，你的童年际遇。如果你小时候被家长忽视，自己缺乏自信，而父母又只会给你买玩具来弥补他们对你的爱……这些都会是购物癖的诱因。

Another explanation can be genetic. Shopaholics usually have a family member with a mood disorder or addiction disorder.

其二，遗传。购物癖身边的某个家人，可能患有某种情绪障碍或者成瘾性障碍。

Moreover, culture can play an important role. Compulsive buying is more often seen in developed countries with better economics where you can buy things easier. Countries like the USA or countries in western Europe.

其三，文化的影响不容小觑。冲动性购物在一些购物更为便捷，经济更为发达的国家中较常见。比如美国以及多数西欧国家。

Furthermore, compulsive buying can often be seen with mood disorders, anxious disorders, eating disorders, or even personality disorders.

其四，购物癖往往伴随情绪障碍、焦虑障碍、饮食障碍甚至是人格障碍。

Today's even bigger problem is internet buying. Why? Because shopaholics can shop without anyone seeing them. They can spend hours and hours on the internet searching all specifications of products and feel excited because of it.

如今，网上购物让问题愈发严重。为什么？要是你在线上冲动消费，没人会知道。他们可以花大把时间，在网上搜索各种产品，满足自己的需求，倍感兴奋。

So, there is a big problem if you are a shopaholic. But what do you do now? there are a couple of possibilities.

所以，如果你有购物癖，问题就大了。那怎么办呢？其实也有不少选择。

Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of them. And another is individual therapy.

一种选择是认知行为治疗，另一种是个体治疗。

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is therapy session targeting specific cognitive processes relating to shopping behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapy primarily deals with what goes on in our mind. How you think and what you think about are major factors that determine your shopping habits and general quality of life. CBT can be group or individual therapy.

认知行为疗法针对购物行为的特定认知过程施以治疗，该疗法主要针对我们的大脑活动。你思维的方式和内容是决定你购物习惯和生活质量的主要因素。认知行为疗法可以多人同时或单独接受治疗。

Individual therapy is therapy where a client works, 1 to 1 with a therapist and tries to explore their thoughts and behavior and also feelings and beliefs. The therapist and client set a goal together and work towards it.

个体治疗则是一对一治疗。理疗师与患者面对面，探究患者的想法、行为、乃至情感、信仰等。理疗师与患者一同制定目标，共同努力达到目标。

Apart from CBT and individual therapy, you can read self-help books or go to financial consulting that helps you with planning your budget. It does not solve your problem entirely, but it helps you with financial problems of compulsive buying.

除了以上两种疗法，你也可以找找看自救书籍，或者找财务顾问帮你计划开支。即便制定预算并没有解决本质问题，但至少能帮你避免因过量购物导致的财务问题。

There is also pharmacotherapy as a solution, but before using pills, you should try other possibilities.

当然，也可以药物治疗。但在服药前，最好先尝试下其他方法。

Compulsive buying is a serious problem, not only for a shopaholic, but also for their family and friends. Acknowledging a problem is already half of a solution. After that, you should find professional help, which can help you solve that problem entirely. We hope that these tips helped you somehow, if you are really a shopaholic or broaden your knowledge about compulsive buying, and what that really is.

购物癖是个大问题，不仅影响本人，还会影响家人和朋友。承认有购物癖，问题就已解决一半。之后，你就该找寻专业人士帮你彻底解决问题。如果你有购物癖，诚心希望上述建议能帮到你；如果只是想了解购物癖，也希望该视频开拓了你的知识域。

Six years ago, President Xi Jinping shared his understanding of the Chinese dream with American audience when delivering a speech at a grand welcome banquet in the city of Seattle during his state visit to the United States.

▲ Xi Jinping applauds for the personnel awarded with medals during a grand gathering to celebrate the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, Dec 18, 2018. Photo/Xinhua

With his personal stories, Xi recounted China's socioeconomic progress and the essence of the Chinese dream－an abiding goal of the Communist Party of China to seek national rejuvenation since its founding in 1921 and an ultimate theme that tied the CPC and the Chinese people together.

Xi's explanation was convincing in that his stories are exactly a demonstration of the people-centered philosophy of the CPC in governing the country. With such a philosophy, the Party has gone through a century with meticulous achievements in the Chinese revolution, construction, reform and opening-up and the modernization process.

▲ President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, accompanied by provincial, prefectural, county and township Party secretaries, visits a tea farm in Pingli county, Shaanxi province, on April 21, 2020. Together they represent all levels of Chinese administration, which has been committed to the nation's anti-poverty work. Photo by Yan Yan/Xinhua

The four-day sixth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, starting on Monday in Beijing, will review a key resolution on the major achievements and historical experience of the Party's 100 years of endeavors.

The milestone document in the CPC's history will help foreigners who are interested in China have a good knowledge about how the Party arrived in where it is today and how it will lead the country to a brighter future. And it will certainly help the audience who listened to Xi's speech in Seattle better understand why the Chinese leader cares so much about his people.

During that speech, Xi mentioned a small village of Liangjiahe in Shaanxi province, where he spent seven years working as a farmer from 1969 at the age of 15. "At that time, the villagers and I lived in 'earth caves' and slept on 'earth beds.' Life was very hard. There was no meat in our diet for months. I knew what the villagers wanted the most."

Later, Xi became the village's Party secretary and began to lead the villagers in production. "One thing I wished most at the time was to make it possible for the villagers to have meat and have it often. But it was very difficult for such a wish to come true in those years."

Great changes have taken place in the village with the development of China. When Xi came back to the village in early 2015, he found that villagers live in houses with bricks and tiles, they had Internet access, elderly folks had basic old-age care, children are in school, and all villagers had medical care coverage.

"Of course, meat was readily available," he told the audience. "This made me keenly aware that the Chinese dream is, after all, a dream of the people. We can fulfill the Chinese dream only when we link it with our people's yearning for a better life."

▲ A grand gathering is held to honor the centenary of the CPC at Tian'anmen Square in Beijing, July 1, 2021. Photo/Xinhua

Just like in Liangjiahe, more and more people elsewhere in China are seeing their dreams for a better life come true under the leadership of the CPC, which is uniting and leading the Chinese people on the new journey of realizing national rejuvenation.

"The leadership of the CPC clearly has the support of the people of China," said Stephen Perry, chairman of Britain's 48 Group Club, told Xinhua News Agency. "The basic position of the CPC has been, is, and will continue to be all about the people, hear the people, and get the policies right to meet the needs of the people."

Recalling his meeting with Xi years ago, Perry said, "I looked into his eyes as he was talking. I could see a man who'd experienced poverty, who'd experienced the life of the farmers of China."

According to the Chinese president, the Chinese dream is also a dream about peace, development, cooperation and win-win result. It has resonated far and wide across countries as the world looks to enduring peace and common prosperity.

Howard Schultz, honorary chairman of Starbucks, who was among the audience who listened to Xi in Seattle, said the progress in Liangjiahe was a microcosm of the progress China has made through reform and opening-up in the last four decades.

In a letter to Xi on November 9, 2020, Schultz said "the yearning for a better life that is part of the Chinese dream reminds me of the American dream". The stories happened in the northern Shaanxi village helped him gain a deeper understanding of Xi's words about how the Chinese dream and the American dream have something in common, he said.

Xi, who is also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, has said on many occasions that the Chinese dream is about pursuing strength of the country, rejuvenation of the nation and happiness of the people, and the dream of the world is about enduring peace and common prosperity. These two dreams can always be pursued together, he said.

Under the leadership of the CPC, China has embarked on the new journey toward socialist modernization and national rejuvenation after the Party marked its 100th anniversary of its founding on July 1.

"Looking back on the path we have travelled and looking forward to the journey that lies ahead, it is certain that with the firm leadership of the Party and the great unity of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, we will achieve the goal of building a great modern socialist country in all respects and fulfill the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation," said Xi at the grand gathering marking the Party's centenary on July 1.

记者：曹德胜

阅读环保两不误：印尼一图书馆推出“垃圾换书”服务︱Your trash for our books: Indonesian library creates literacy from litter

A librarian in Indonesia's Java Island is lending books to children in exchange for trash they collect in a novel way to clean up the environment and get the kids to read more.

印尼爪哇岛的一名图书馆馆长让孩子们用收集的垃圾来换取图书借阅资格，这一新招既能清洁环境，也是为了让孩子们多读书。

Each weekday Raden Roro Hendarti rides her three wheeler with books stacked up at the back for children in Muntang village to exchange for plastic cups, bags and other waste that she carries back.

每个工作日，拉登·柔柔·亨达尔蒂都会骑着满载儿童图书的三轮车到满堂村换取塑料杯、塑料袋和其他垃圾，然后再把一车垃圾带回。

She told Reuters she is helping inculcate reading in the kids as well make them aware of the environment. As soon as she shows up, little children, many accompanied by their mothers, surround her "Trash Library" and clamour for the books.

她告诉路透社说，她在帮助培养孩子们的阅读习惯和环保意识。她一出现，孩子们就把她的“垃圾图书馆”团团围住，嚷嚷着要书。许多孩子都是在母亲的陪同下来的。

They are all carrying trash bags and Raden's three-wheeler quickly fills up with them as the books fly out. She's happy the kids are going to spend less time on online games as a result.

孩子们都带来了成袋的垃圾，拉登三轮车上的书被一抢而空后，很快就装满了垃圾。她乐在其中，希望此举可以让孩子们少玩点电子游戏。

"Let us build a culture of literacy from young age to mitigate the harm of the online world," Raden said. "We should also take care of our waste in order to fight climate change and to save the earth from trash," Raden said.

拉登说：“让孩子们从小培养文化素养，可以减轻网络世界带来的危害。为了抗击气候变化、拯救地球，我们也应该处理好垃圾。”

She collects about 100 kg of waste each week, which is then sorted out by her colleagues and sent for recycling or sold. She has a stock of 6,000 books to lend and wants to take the mobile service to neighbouring areas as well.

她每周能收集约100公斤垃圾，同事对垃圾进行分类后，便可将其回收或卖掉。她的馆藏图书共有6,000本，她也愿意为邻近地区提供移动借阅服务。

Kevin Alamsyah, an avid 11-year-old reader, scours for waste lying in the village.

酷爱阅读的11岁男孩凯文·阿兰夏在村子里到处搜寻垃圾。

"When there is too much trash, our environment will become dirty and it's not healthy. That's why I look for trash to borrow a book," he says.

他说：“如果垃圾太多，我们的环境就会变脏，这样不健康。这也是我捡垃圾换书的原因。”

The literacy rate for above-15-year-olds in Indonesia is around 96 percent, but a September report by the World Bank warned that the pandemic will leave more than 80% of 15-year-olds below the minimum reading proficiency level identified by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

印尼15岁以上人群的识字率约为96%，但是世界银行9月份发布的一份报告警告称，新冠疫情将导致超80%的15岁人群阅读能力低于经合组织设定的最低水平。

literacy

英 [ˈlɪtərəsi]；美[ˈlɪtərəsi]  

n. 读写能力；识字；有文化

clamour

英 [ˈklæmə(r)]；美[ˈklæmər]  

v. 大声（或吵闹）地要求；嚷嚷；喊叫

n. 喧闹；嘈杂声

recycle

英 [ˌriːˈsaɪkl]；美[ˌriːˈsaɪkl]  

vt. 回收；再利用

scour

英 [ˈskaʊə(r)]；美[ˈskaʊər]  

v. 冲刷；（彻底）翻找，搜寻；擦洗；冲刷

n. 洗涤剂；磨擦

proficiency

英 [prəˈfɪʃnsi]；美[prəˈfɪʃnsi]  

n. 精通；熟练

Trials: China's new COVID drugs showing good results︱国内新研发新冠药物功效良好

Drug researchers in China are making progress on developing therapies to treat COVID-19 with several antibody drugs, which neutralize the virus, emerging as promising candidates in clinical trials.

国内药物研究人员在开发用数种抗体药物治疗新冠病毒的方法上成效愈显。此内不少药物能够中和新冠病毒，有望成为临床候选药品。

Sunney Xie, director of the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics at Peking University and a world-renowned biochemist, said his team has discovered a "full-spectrum neutralizing antibody" that has tackled all known emerging variants in laboratory experiments.

北京大学基因组学高级创新中心主任、世界知名生化学家谢晓亮接受采访，表示他的团队发现了一种“全谱”中和抗体，在实验室中已经成功应对所有已知新冠病毒变异株。

The antibody, known as DXP-604, is so potent that it will likely treat any mutations, he said at an academic conference in Shanghai last week.

上周，谢晓亮在上海召开的学术会议上告诉记者，这种被称为DXP-604的抗体非常有效，或许能有效应对新冠病毒的所有异变。

Xie added that a new drug based on DXP-604 has demonstrated good efficacy in Phase 2 clinical trials. As of Nov 2, the medication had been administered to 14 patients with COVID-19 at Beijing Ditan Hospital through the compassionate use program, which expands access to experimental drugs for critical patients.

他补充称，团队研发的新冠中和抗体DXP-604的二期临床试验疗效良好，并且已经被批准在北京地坛医院作为同情用药紧急治疗使用，扩大危重患者获得实验药物的机会。截至11月2日，已有14名患者接受治疗，目前正在等待临床试验的结果。

In the meantime, Brii Biosciences announced recently that it has filed an application for emergency use authorization with the US Food and Drug Administration for its therapy that combines two neutralizing antibodies, BRII-196 and BRII-198.

上海腾盛博药医药技术有限公司也宣布，公司已经向 FDA递交新冠中和抗体BRII-196/BRII-198联合疗法的紧急使用授权申请。

Brii Biosciences is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in China and the United States. It codeveloped the drug with Tsinghua University and the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen.

腾盛博药医药技术公司是一家中美合资跨国制药公司，该公司与清华大学和深圳第三人民医院共同研发了该药物。

The company said results from Phase 3 clinical trials overseas have shown that the medication can cut the risk of hospitalization and death of COVID-19 patients by 78 percent. Many participants enrolled in the trials were infected with the highly transmissible Delta variant.

公司表示，海外三期临床试验结果表明，在多数参试者均感染高度可传播的Delta变体的情况下，BRII-196/BRII-198联合疗法将患者入院与死亡的风险降低了78%。

Hong Zhi, chairman and CEO of the company, said that while vaccination remains the primary weapon against the novel coronavirus, antibody therapies can trigger immune responses more rapidly and are the most suitable treatment for close contacts of infected people and those who have already contracted the virus, but have not begunto show symptoms.

腾盛博药的董事长兼首席执行官洪志指出，疫苗接种虽仍是对抗新型冠状病毒的主要武器，然而抗体疗法可以更快触发免疫应答，是最适合密切接触者和无症状感染者的治疗方法。

Brii Biosciences said in a statement on Friday it will offer the drug to Heilongjiang and Qinghai provinces for free. Both provinces are coping with local outbreaks.

周五，腾盛博药发表声明，将向目前疫情未平的黑龙江省与青海省免费提供该药物。

Since June, nearly 700 patients in China had received the drug. Preliminary feedback from frontline medical workers suggests that the drug is safe and shows good antiviral effects on emerging variants, the statement said.

声明指出，今年六月以来，中国已有近700名患者用过该药，而来自一线医务人员的初步反馈表明，药物安全，且对新出现的变种毒株有较好的抗病毒效果。

"Vaccines and antibody therapies are two weapons that complement each other," said Zhang Linqi, a professor at Tsinghua University's School of Medicine.

清华大学医学院教授张林琦介绍称：“疫苗和抗体疗法相辅相成。” 

During an interview with ThePaper, a news outlet, he said highly effective and broad-spectrum antibodies can induce effects very quickly and will mainly benefit people exhibiting mild and moderate symptoms or who are at risk of developing severe symptoms.

在接受澎湃新闻采访时，他表示高效广谱抗体生效迅速，适用于轻症、中症以及可能发展为重症的患者。

neutralize

英 [ˈnjuːtrəlaɪz]；美[ˈnuːtrəlaɪz]  

vt. （使）无效；中和；（使）中立

spectrum

英 [ˈspektrəm]；美[ˈspektrəm]  

n. （光、波、声、频）谱；范围；各层次

compassionate

英 [kəmˈpæʃənət]；美[kəmˈpæʃənət]  

adj.有同情心的；怜悯的

v. 同情；怜悯

transmissible

英 [træns'mɪsəbl]；美[træns'mɪsəbəl]

adj. 可转移的；可传播的

解惑：什么食物才算是三明治？︱4 ways to define a sandwich, according to the law

1. CALIFORNIA: HOT DOGS ARE SANDWICHES

美国加州：热狗也是三明治

Despite fitting the description of a food product served on a bread-like product, many sandwich purists insist that hot dogs deserve their own category.

哪怕热狗也是两片面包夹个东西，不过许多三明治纯粹主义者坚称热狗应该自成一类。

California joins Merriam-Webster in declaring that a hot dog is a sandwich, nonetheless. The bold word choice appears in the state’s tax law, which mentions “hot dog and hamburger sandwiches” served from “sandwich stands or booths.”

加州政府和韦氏词典一样，都将热狗归类为三明治。加州税法中提到，“卖三明治的小摊上有热狗三明治、汉堡包三明治”。

Applying the sandwich label to burgers is less controversial, but it’s still worth debating.

把汉堡包也归类为三明治虽然争议稍少，但也值得商榷。

2. MASSACHUSETTS COURT: A BURRITO IS NOT A SANDWICH

马萨诸塞州法院：玉米卷饼不是三明治

Justice Jeffrey A. Locke from the Worcester County Superior Court said in 2006 that “The New Webster Third International Dictionary describes a ‘sandwich’ as ‘two thin pieces of bread, usually buttered, with a thin layer (as of meat, cheese, or savory mixture) spread between them.’”

2006年，伍斯特县高等法院法官杰弗里·洛克曾指出：“《韦氏第三版新国际英语词典》对三明治的定义是：两片薄面包，中间抹上黄油，并平铺一层薄馅儿（肉、奶酪或调味酱）。”

He said: “Under this definition and as dictated by common sense, this court finds that the term ‘sandwich’ is not commonly understood to include burritos, tacos, and quesadillas.”

他表示：“根据该定义与常识，法院裁定，三明治不包括墨西哥玉米卷饼、墨西哥夹饼和墨西哥薄饼。”

3. USDA: A SANDWICH IS MEAT BETWEEN TWO SLICES OF BREAD

美国农业部：三明治就是两片面包夹的肉馅儿

“A sandwich is a meat or poultry filling between two slices of bread, a bun, or a biscuit,” Mark Wheeler, who works in food and safety at the US Department of Agriculture, told NPR.

美国农业部食品安全部门的马克·惠勒告诉美国国家公共电台：“三明治就是两片面包、一个圆面包或者一张饼里夹着的畜肉馅儿或禽肉馅儿。”

His definition comes from the Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book used by the department (the USDA only covers the “labeling of meat, poultry, and egg products,” while the FDA handles everything else, which is why the USDA's definition excludes things like grilled cheese).

他给的定义来自农业部使用的《食品标准与标签政策》。农业部只负责“标清畜肉、禽肉以及蛋制品”，而美国食品药品监督管理局要负责给分清其他所有食品。因此在农业部的定义中，三明治里夹的东西不包含烤奶酪一类食物。

Not included under their umbrella of foodstuff served between bread are burritos, wraps, and hot dogs.

根据农业部定义，墨西哥玉米卷饼、薄卷饼和热狗就不属于三明治的范畴。

4. NEW YORK: IF IT’S SERVED ON SOMETHING REMOTELY BREAD-LIKE, IT’S A SANDWICH

纽约：只要是用面包之类的东西夹着，就是三明治

When it comes to sandwiches, New York doesn’t discriminate.

在三明治的定义上，纽约政府一视同仁。

In a bulletin outlining the state’s tax policy, a description of what constitutes a sandwich warrants its own subhead. The article reads: "Sandwiches include cold and hot sandwiches of every kind that are prepared and ready to be eaten, whether made on bread, on bagels, on rolls, in pitas, in wraps, or otherwise, and regardless of the filling or number of layers. A sandwich can be as simple as a buttered bagel or roll, or as elaborate as a six-foot, toasted submarine sandwich.”

一则纽约州税收政策的公告中，专门讲到什么才算是三明治：“三明治包括各种即食的冷热三明治，不论是用面包、百吉饼、卷饼、皮塔饼、薄卷饼还是用其他东西夹，也不管夹着什么馅料，夹了多少层馅料。简简单单抹上黄油的百吉饼或卷饼是三明治，做法精美繁复的6英尺的‘烤潜艇’三明治也是三明治。”

It then moves on to examples of taxable sandwiches. The list includes items widely believed to bear the label, like Reubens, paninis, club sandwiches, and peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. Other entries, like burritos, gyros, open-faced sandwiches, and hot dogs, may cause confusion among diners.

该公告还列举了应纳税的各类三明治，其中既包括一些被普遍认为是三明治的食物，比如鲁宾三明治、意式帕尼尼、什锦三文治、‘铁哥们’三明治，也包括一些如果被叫成三明治会让食客分不清的食物，比如墨西哥玉米卷饼、希腊烤肉卷饼、开放式三明治和各类热狗。

warrant

英 [ˈwɒrənt]；美[ˈwɔːrənt]  

n. 保证，保障；执行令；授权令；凭单；许可；正当理由

vt. （使）有必要；（使）正当

controversial

英 [ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl]；美[ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl]  

adj. 引起争论的；有反对声的

exclude

英 [ɪkˈskluːd]；美[ɪkˈskluːd]  

vt. 排除；置之局外；不包括；不考虑；阻止进入

discriminate

英 [dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt]；美[dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt]  

v. 区别对待；歧视；偏袒