Archaeological evidence indicates that ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia may have been in contact at least 10,000 years ago, when people in Mesopotamia began to farm and domesticate animals, and so making the transition from hunter-gatherers to an agricultural society. Many scholars believe that this social and technological revolution may have influenced similar developments in ancient Egypt, but there's been no irrefutable proof of direct contact between the populations until now.考古证据表明，古埃及文明和美索不达米亚文明可能早在一万年前就有过接触。当时，美索不达米亚人开始进行农垦并驯化动物，从而开启了从狩猎采集者向农耕社会的转变。许多学者相信，这一社会和技术变革可能影响了古埃及文明的类似发展进程，但此前还没有确凿的证据证明两个人群之间发生过直接接触。

Scientists have been using ancient DNA analysis to track changes in human evolution over millions of years, but refinements of the technique mean the technology now has the potential to show more recent historical events in a new way.科学家一直在用对人类远古 DNA 的分析来追踪人类在数百万年间的进化过程，但这项技术的改进意味着它现在有可能以一种新的方式呈现更近期的历史事件。

Surprisingly, severed tissues can survive for a few hours without these resources. And keeping them cool further slows the rate of tissue death, generally giving surgeons a 6-to-12-hour window for reattachment. But once the tissues die, reconnecting them won’t bring them back to life.令人惊讶的是，断裂的组织即使没有这些资源，也能存活几个小时。而将其保持低温则能进一步减缓组织坏死的速度，通常可以为外科医生争取 6 到 12 小时的再植时间。但一旦组织死亡，即使重新连接，也无法让它们“复活”。

This tight timeline is especially challenging for surgeons. Due to the issues we’ve already mentioned, reattachment operations are fairly uncommon. So most hospitals don’t have the tools and expertise required to tackle these time-sensitive procedures. And even if they do, nerve repair is extremely tricky. With perfectly clean cuts, surgeons can attempt to stitch nerves back together directly. And when a cut is ragged, they may try to create nerve conduits— tunnels between nerve ends that can allow the nerves to reconnect over time. But neither these, nor any other surgical options, reliably restore movement and sensation.这紧迫的时间限制对外科医生来说尤其具有挑战性。由于前面提到的种种问题，再植手术相当罕见，因此大多数医院并没有应对这种时间敏感型手术所需的工具和专业技术。即便具备条件，神经修复也是极其棘手的工作。在切口整齐的情况下，外科医生可以尝试直接将神经缝合；而如果切口参差不齐，他们可能会尝试制作“神经导管”——一种连接神经断端的隧道，使神经能够随着时间重新连接。但无论是这些方法还是其他手术手段，都无法确保可靠地恢复肢体的运动和感觉。

All these obstacles make it highly unlikely that a lost limb can be reattached. However, medical technology has developed another dependable solution for amputation: prosthetics. Today, prostheses come in countless forms to replace numerous body parts. Prosthetic legs are excellent for walking and running. Prosthetic arms have historically struggled to replicate our hands’ fine motor movements. However, new myoelectric prostheses can detect electrical activity in nearby muscles and then translate those signals into relatively precise movements.所有这些障碍使得断肢能够成功再植的可能性极低。然而，医学技术发展出了另一种可靠的截肢解决方案——假肢。如今，假肢的形式多种多样，可以替代人体的不同部位。假肢腿在行走和跑步方面表现出色；而假肢手臂在历史上一直难以复制人手的精细运动。然而，新的肌电假肢可以检测邻近肌肉的电活动，并将这些信号转化为相对精确的动作。

But perhaps the most dramatic development in prosthetic technology is transcutaneous osseointegration. First successfully performed in 1990, this procedure surgically anchors a metal implant into the bone of the remaining limb. The bone then grows into the crevices of the metal, creating a permanent connection. These implants extend through a portal in the skin, and can be attached to any prosthesis, which solves a handful of common prosthetic issues. Where traditional prosthetics can be heavy, providing a direct skeletal connection makes their weight feel more natural. Osseointegrated prosthetics are also less likely to irritate the skin where they attach, and they can offer more sensation by transmitting forces like vibration through the implant to the bone.或许，假肢技术中最引人注目的发展是“经皮骨整合”技术。该技术于 1990 年首次成功实施，它通过手术将金属植入物固定在残肢的骨骼中，随后骨骼会长入金属的缝隙中，从而形成永久连接。这些植入物会穿出皮肤的开口，并可以连接到任何假肢上，从而解决了许多传统假肢的常见问题。传统假肢可能较为笨重，而直接的骨骼连接能让重量感更加自然。经皮骨整合假肢也不易刺激与之接触的皮肤，并且能够通过将震动等力量从植入物传递到骨骼，为使用者提供更多的感知。

Even with all these new technologies, not everyone wants to replace or reattach a lost limb. After an amputation, some people opt to rely on their remaining limbs, with or without the help ofmobilityaids and other adaptive equipment.即便有了这些新技术，并不是每个人都希望替换或再植失去的肢体。截肢后，有些人选择依靠剩余的肢体生活，无论是否借助助行器或其他适应性设备。

After a long day helping patients in the emergency room, Priya is prepping dinner when her knife slips and neatly severs her finger. Fortunately, being an ER doctor, she knows exactly what to do.在急诊室忙碌了一整天帮助病人后，普莉娅正在准备晚餐，突然刀子一滑，干净利落地切断了她的手指。幸运的是，作为一名急诊医生，她非常清楚该怎么做。

First, she cleans the wound with a wet paper towel and bandages her finger—careful not to wrap the wound too tightly. To manage the pain, she knows not to take ibuprofen, which would prevent the wound from clotting, and instead opts for acetaminophen. Then she rinses off the severed finger, wraps it in a clean, moist towel, and puts it in a cooler while avoiding direct contact with ice. Finally, she rushes to the hospital, where luckily, a skilled hand surgeon is on staff. Thanks to the clean cut and Priya's rapid response, the surgeon can get to work. They set the bones and fix them in place with wires before repairing the tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and finally, the skin. The entire incident is finished in about eight hours, and after a few months of occupational therapy, Priya's hand is back in action.首先，她用湿纸巾清理伤口，然后为手指包扎，注意不要缠得太紧。为了缓解疼痛，她知道不能服用会阻碍伤口凝血的布洛芬，而是选择对乙酰氨基酚。接着，她冲洗被切断的手指，用干净湿润的毛巾包好，放入冷藏箱中，并避免手指直接接触冰块。最后，她赶往医院，幸好医院有一位经验丰富的手外科医生值班。得益于整齐的切口和普莉娅的快速反应，外科医生得以立即开始手术。他们先将骨头对齐并用钢丝固定，再修复肌腱、神经、血管，最后缝合皮肤。整个过程大约耗时八小时，几个月的职业康复治疗后，普莉娅的手恢复如初。

This is the ideal outcome for reattaching a body part. Unfortunately, it’s also incredibly unlikely— and not just because most people aren’t as prepared as Priya. In reality, there are countless complications that come up with most accidental amputations.这是身体部位再植的理想结局。不幸的是，这种情况极为罕见——不仅仅是因为大多数人不像普莉娅那样做好了充分准备。实际上，大多数意外截肢都会出现无数的并发症。

First, there's the accident. Unlike Priya's clean cut, most traumatic amputations occur in car crashes or industrial accidents that cause extensive, uneven tissue damage and dirty the wound in a way that prevents reattachment. Plus, more than half of all limb amputations in the United States are due to disease, and limbs removed for medical reasons obviously aren’t safe to reattach. Then, there’s preserving the limb. When a body part is severed, its blood circulation is cut off, stopping the influx of oxygen and other nutrients.首先是事故本身。与普莉娅整齐的切口不同，大多数创伤性截肢发生在车祸或工业事故中，这类事故会造成大面积、不均匀的组织损伤，并使伤口污染，从而无法再植。此外，美国超过一半的肢体截肢是由疾病引起的，而因医疗原因切除的肢体显然也不适合再植。其次是肢体的保存问题。当身体部位被切断时，其血液循环会中断，氧气和其他营养物质的供应随之停止。

They're not the same, are they? The smiles you see when you meet your friends and family compared with what you see from salespeople trying to get you to buy something or management consultants pretending that the bad news they're giving you is actually good news. How can we tell that someone really means it when they're smiling?1他们不一样，是吗？ 与您从销售人员那里看到的东西相比，您会看到您的朋友和家人时看到的微笑，试图让您购买某物或管理顾问，假装他们给您的坏消息实际上是个好消息。 我们怎么能说出某人在微笑时确实意味着它？

There are physical differences between types of smiles. 19th Century French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling. Unsurprisingly, one set of muscles moves the corners of your mouth. The other tightens the skin around your eyes. He noticed that only genuine smiles triggered the muscles around the eyes, leading a real smile to be named a Duchenne smile. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these sets of muscles. Those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions.微笑类型之间存在物理差异。 19世纪的法国神经科医生Guillaume Duchenne发现有两组用于微笑的肌肉。 毫不奇怪，一组肌肉会移动您的嘴角。 另一个会收紧您的眼睛周围的皮肤。 他注意到，只有真正的微笑触发了眼睛周围的肌肉，导致一个真正的微笑被称为Duchenne的微笑。 后来的研究表明，有两种触发这些肌肉的途径。 那些在嘴巴周围的人可以自愿脱离，而眼睛周围的人则是非自愿触发的，几乎总是被我们的情绪触发。

A genuine smile has certain physical signs. Typically, if a smile is real, then people's cheeks are pulled up, the skin under their eyes bulges, and crow's feet can be seen at the corners of their eyes. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually. These fake smiles are not caused by emotions, but they can get mixed with signs of the emotions that someone is genuinely feeling, like a wrinkled forehead caused by worry.

真正的微笑有某些身体迹象。 通常，如果微笑是真实的，那么人们的脸颊就会拉起，眼睛下面的皮肤在凸起，而乌鸦的脚在他们的眼角可以看到。 不是真正的微笑常常突然消失，而不是逐渐消失。 这些假的微笑不是由情绪引起的，但是它们可以与某人真正感觉到的情绪的迹象混合在一起，就像由忧虑引起的皱纹额头。

Even ten-month-old-babies have shown that they can identify a real smile. It may be that we have evolved to spot genuine emotion. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us. That's not to say that fake smiles are always a problem. They can help to smooth over difficult situations and maintain politeness. But there are times when it's good to know that a smile really means something.

甚至十个月大的巴克斯也表明他们可以识别出真正的微笑。 我们可能已经演变出来发现真实的情感。 能够确定谁信任谁，以及谁可能试图欺骗我们有一个好处。 这并不是说假笑总是一个问题。 他们可以帮助平滑困难的情况并保持礼貌。 但是有时候很高兴知道微笑确实意味着什么。

Most of the food on the space station is standard packaged fare, full of goodness, no doubt, but lacking that culinary je ne sais quoi which any self-respecting French astronaut so badly needs. But astronauts can bring with them a certain quantity of their own food.国际空间站上的大部分食物都是标准的预包装食品，毫无疑问，营养丰富，但是缺少那种让人回味无穷的美食风味，这是任何一位体面的法国宇航员都迫切需要的。不过，宇航员们可以携带一定数量的自备食物。

And so, Sophie Adenot has teamed up with the multi-Michelin-starred Anne-Sophie Pic to draw up a list of items to help her through those long, dawnless days in weight-free orbit.因此，宇航员索菲·阿德诺特与多次获得米其林星级的名厨安妮·索菲·皮克联手，精心制定了一份美食菜单，来帮助她自己度过那些在失重的太空轨道中漫长而无晨昏的日子。

One day over the Atlantic, it could be chicken with Malagasy wild pepper, tonka beans and a creamy polenta. The next day, over the Pacific, pulled beef with black garlic and smoked vanilla. And for dessert – how about a chocolate cream with crushed hazelnut?也许在某天飞越大西洋时，她的餐盘里是鸡肉配马达加斯加野胡椒、零陵香豆和奶油玉米糊。在第二天，飞越太平洋时，可能吃的就是黑蒜熏香草手撕牛肉。至于甜点的话，来一份榛子碎巧克力奶油蛋糕怎么样？

Sophie Adenot says she will share the haute cuisine with her colleagues on board. It is, after all, an important moment. French gastronomic culture becoming, for the first time, extraterrestrial.索菲·阿德诺特表示，她会将这些高级菜肴与空间站上的同事们一同分享。毕竟，这是一个重要的时刻，法国的美食文化首次 “走出地球”。

"It opened up something in me that needed to be opened and needed to heal," says Elizabeth Russell, a teacher and librarian from the US state of Connecticut. She was going through a rough patch in life when she found bibliotherapy. Bibliotherapy is the use of literature to support people with mental health and wellbeing issues. The benefits of non-fiction, self-help books are well documented – results from 'A meta‐analysis of bibliotherapy studies' suggest this type of bibliotherapy can help with conditions such as anxiety and depression – but what about fiction?“它打开了我内心的东西，需要打开并需要康复，”美国康涅狄格州的老师和图书馆员伊丽莎白·罗素说。 当她发现书目疗法时，她正在经历一段艰难的生活。 书目疗法是使用文献来支持患有心理健康和福祉问题的人。 非小说类，自助书籍的好处是有充分记录的 - “书目疗法研究的荟萃分析”的结果表明，这种类型的书目疗法可以帮助焦虑和抑郁等疾病 - 但是小说呢？

'Creative bibliotherapy' may have similar advantages. Ella Berthoud, well-known bibliotherapist and author of The Novel Cure calls it 'the art of prescribing fiction for life's ailments'. But how does it work? If you were to go to Ella for help, she'd start with a consultation. Then, she says, "I will guide you to books that put a finger on feelings you may often have had, but perhaps never clearly understood before." Proponents of creative bibliotherapy say that immersing oneself in a good book can help readers process emotions, discover coping strategies or even just provide some escapism from life's stresses.“创意书目”可能具有类似的优势。 著名的书本治疗师，小说《治愈》的作者埃拉·伯特德（Ella Berthoud）称其为“为生命疾病开出小说的艺术”。 但是它如何工作？ 如果您要去Ella寻求帮助，她将从咨询开始。 然后，她说：“我将指导您的书籍，这些书对您可能经常有过的感受，但也许以前从未清楚地理解过。” 富有创造力的书目疗法的支持者说，沉浸在一本好书中可以帮助读者处理情感，发现应对策略，甚至只是从生活压力中提供了一些逃避现实。

But some experts worry the benefits of creative bibliotherapy are overhyped. Studies suggest reading may improve things such as empathy and self-confidence, but in terms of treating specific mental health conditions, the evidence is weak. Some stories may even cause harm, particularly if they trigger or reinforce the negative feelings someone wants to escape. It seems bibliotherapy is best used in conjunction with other therapies, rather than as a substitute.但是有些专家担心创意书目疗法的好处被夸大了。 研究表明，阅读可能会改善诸如同理心和自信之类的事情，但是在治疗特定的心理健康状况方面，证据很弱。 有些故事甚至可能造成伤害，特别是如果它们触发或增强人们想要逃脱的负面情绪。 似乎最好的疗法与其他疗法结合使用，而不是替代品。

In the UK, the Reading Agency's Reading Well programme helps people manage their health and wellbeing with books. The books are recommended by health experts and people with lived experience of the topics covered. But, the organisation's head of health and wellbeing, Gemma Jolly, understands that it's "not a one size fits all." She says, "It's about having an additional tool that might work for some people." Will you give bibliotherapy a go?在英国，阅读机构的阅读井计划可帮助人们通过书籍来管理自己的健康和福祉。 这些书是由健康专家和具有涵盖主题经验的人们推荐的。 但是，该组织的健康和福祉负责人，杰玛·乔利（Gemma Jolly）知道，这“不适合所有人”。 她说：“这是关于拥有可能对某些人有用的额外工具。” 您会尝试一下书目疗法吗？

So a question that I always get asked is: How? How do we integrate different perspectives? Well, it's an art and a science and something that has been explored at length by thinkers from Georg Hegel to Ken Wilber. But for us here today, I'm going to distill it into three questions that I ask myself. Here we go.我经常被问到的一个问题是：“怎么做？”——我们该如何整合不同的观点？这既是一门艺术，也是一门科学，早在黑格尔到肯·威尔伯等思想家那里就被深入探讨过。但今天在这里，我想把它提炼成我自己经常问自己的三个问题。我们开始吧。

First question: Is there an either/or that can be flipped to a both/and? Well, on the issue of race -- yep, we're going there -- the problem is framed as either the system, which is racist, or the individual, who should pull themselves up by their bootstraps.第一个问题：有没有一个“非此即彼”的命题，其实可以转化成“此亦彼亦”？比如在种族议题上——没错，我们要谈这个——问题往往被描述为：要么是系统有种族歧视，要么是个体自己不够努力。

But naturally, the drivers of racial disparity lie originally with the system, but now also to an extent with the individual, which means we must build systems that empower individuals.但事实上，种族差异的根源确实最初来自于系统，但如今也部分归因于个体。这意味着我们需要建立一种既承认系统问题、又能赋能个体的制度。

The question isn’t just do race-based policies work but how might we use race-based policies in a way that allows us to not need them anymore?问题不只是“种族政策是否有效”，而是“我们如何运用种族政策，使有一天我们不再需要它们？”

Second question: Is there an opportunity to shift from “what’s right” to "under what circumstances, if any"? On the issue of abortion, we can shift from “Who’s right, pro-choice or pro-life?” to “Under what circumstances should abortion be legal?”第二个问题：我们是否可以将讨论从“谁对谁错”转向“在什么条件下成立”？比如在堕胎议题上，我们可以从“支持选择权还是支持生命权”这一二元对立，转变为“在什么情况下堕胎应该是合法的？”

And if we leave out "all circumstances" and "no circumstances," and we integrate the rest of the views of the American public, we will likely end up with a policy that generally elevates the rights of the woman up until a point of viability, and then elevates the rights of the fetus, while making exceptions for rape, incest and a threat to the life of the mother.如果我们撇开“任何情况下都可以”与“任何情况下都不可以”这两个极端观点，并融合美国公众的其他意见，我们可能会形成一种折中政策：在胎儿具有生存能力之前优先保障女性权利，之后则更注重胎儿的权利，同时在强奸、乱伦或危及母亲生命的情况下做出例外。

And finally, are there perverse incentives that are making the issue harder to resolve? So on the issue of gender transition, we are up against a social media business model that drives poor body image, outrage and polarization, and a healthcare industry that is built around intervention.最后一个问题：有没有“扭曲的激励机制”让问题更难解决？以性别转变议题为例，我们面对的是一种以社交媒体为基础的商业模式，它制造身体焦虑、煽动愤怒与极端对立；以及一种以“介入”为核心逻辑的医疗产业。

So if we addressed these upstream incentives, then more of us could trust that an individual is making a gender transition not because social media made them feel awful about their body, but because that's truly the right thing for them.所以如果我们能从源头上解决这些激励机制，那么更多人就能相信，个体选择性别转变，不是因为社交媒体让他们讨厌自己的身体，而是因为那真的是适合他们的选择。

Now this kind of integration does get confused with both-sidesism, the idea that all sides are equally relevant and valuable. It also gets confused with relativism, the idea that there’s no absolute truth, and everything is contextual.这种整合方法常常被误解为“各方都对主义”（both-sidesism），即认为所有立场都同等重要与合理；也常被误解为相对主义，即没有绝对真理，一切都依赖语境。

But the reality is it's unlikely that one of us is entirely right. Usually that's a sign of tribalism. It's also unlikely that all of us are equally right. That's both-sidesism.但现实是，我们之中很难有谁是完全正确的——通常这种想法只是部落主义的表现；同样，我们也不太可能全都“一样对”——那是“各方都对主义”。

What's most likely is that most of us are partially right, and some of us are more right than others, which doesn't make for a great tagline. But that's what's up when we're contending with the complexity of reality.最可能的情况是：我们大多数人都是“部分正确”，而有些人比其他人“更接近正确”。这不是个好听的宣传口号，但在面对现实的复杂性时，这就是事实。

So next time you are in a gridlocked argument about some hot political issue, assume that the other person has some nugget of insight, and your job is to find it and incorporate it into your perspective.所以下次你陷入某个政治热点问题的僵局时，先假设对方有一些洞见，你的任务就是去发现它，并将它纳入你自己的观点中。

Challenge yourself to not just listen to each other and hang out on the horizontal plane, but to enter a new dimension.挑战你自己，不只是去“听见”彼此、在同一个平面上交流，而是迈入一个全新的维度。

As am I. I mean, our view will forever be inherently incomplete. But we can always strive to see more faces of the hyper dimensional shape that is reality. Be well.我也是。我的意思是，我们对世界的看法永远都是不完整的。但我们始终可以努力去看到现实这个超维形体的更多面貌。保重。

So you might think that your way of seeing the world is right, but the three Bills and I are here to suggest that perhaps you are all partially right. So instead of choosing one perspective and getting a partial view, how might we integrate different perspectives and gain a bigger view?你也许认为自己看待世界的方式是正确的，但我和那三个“比尔”想说的是，也许你们每个人都“部分正确”。所以，与其只选择一个视角、只看到一个片面，我们是否可以整合不同的观点，从而获得更完整的视野？

Well, that is the inspiration behind what you all just watched. A performance of my latest production, "Faces of X." "Faces of X" is a series of short videos that integrate different perspectives on culture war issues like gender, abortion, and race. You know, keeping it light.这正是你们刚才所观看内容背后的灵感所在——我最新制作的节目《X的面孔》。《X的面孔》是一系列短片，它融合了关于文化战议题的不同视角，比如性别、堕胎和种族等问题。嗯，话题挺轻松的，对吧。

The format is simple. Each video first presents the strongest arguments on each side, the thesis and the antithesis, and then attempts to integrate them into a synthesis perspective. Thesis, antithesis and synthesis are all played by the same person. So you all just watched the first ever live performance of "Faces of X."它的形式很简单：每支影片都会先呈现每一方最有力的论点——正题与反题，然后尝试将两者整合成一个综合视角。正题、反题和综合，都是由同一个人扮演的。所以你们刚刚看到的是《X的面孔》首次现场演出。

The great Bill Heck just showed you "Faces of Capitalism." But the potential pipeline of the series is infinite. Imagine "Faces of Artificial Intelligence," right? Imagine "Faces of Free Speech." Imagine "Faces of" whatever issue you are wrestling with. And I do take requests, so come talk to me after.伟大的比尔·赫克刚才演绎的是《资本主义的面孔》。但这个系列未来的可能性是无限的。想象一下，《人工智能的面孔》，对吧？《言论自由的面孔》。或者是任何你正在思考的问题的“面孔”。我也接受点播，有兴趣演什么，等会儿来跟我聊聊吧。

But zooming out, what does it actually mean to integrate different perspectives? Well, one thing it doesn't mean is meeting in the middle. Given the complexity of the challenges we face, instead of meeting in the middle, I want to see us move from the horizontal plane to a new dimension, from common ground to higher ground. Let's think not just in terms of changing hearts and minds, but of expanding hearts and minds.但从更大的角度看，“整合不同视角”到底意味着什么？有一点很明确：它并不等于“各退一步”。面对我们当前所面临的复杂挑战，我希望我们不是停留在同一水平线上寻找“共同点”，而是迈向一个新的维度，从“共同立场”走向“更高立场”。我们不要只想着“改变人心与思想”，而是要“拓展人心与思想”。

So one metaphor I love is parallax vision. The view from our right eye is slightly different than the view from our left eye. Each eye gives us a view that's true, but partial. So it's by looking through both eyes together, along with other visual cues, that the world goes from flat to 3D, right? Integrating different perspectives quite literally gives us greater depth.我非常喜欢的一个比喻是“视差视觉”。我们右眼看到的世界与左眼略有不同。每只眼睛看到的都是“真实”的，但也是“片面的”。只有通过双眼共同注视，并结合其他视觉线索，世界才会从“平面”变成“立体”。换句话说，整合不同视角，从字面上说，就意味着获得更大的“深度”。

So ... Capitalism. Capitalism is the most powerful prosperity-generating force ever known.所以……资本主义。资本主义是人类历史上最强大的繁荣创造力量。

Excuse me! Yes. Uh, sorry. I think you mean the most extractive force ever known.打扰一下！是的，呃，抱歉。我想你是说“最具掠夺性”的力量吧。

Oh, hello. Well, it's lifted billions of people out of poverty and expanded access to food and literacy. It basically birthed our modern world.哦，你好。但它让数十亿人摆脱了贫困，扩大了人们获得食物和识字的机会。它基本上创造了我们的现代世界。

Yeah, and in the process, it's wiped out hundreds of species anddecimatedcountless cultures, extracting resources faster than anything that came before.是啊，可在这个过程中，它也消灭了数百个物种，摧毁了无数文化，比历史上任何制度都更快速地掠夺资源。

OK. But the market is a genius at driving innovation, giving us the freedom to buy, sell, compete and create in ways that make society better.好吧。但市场对推动创新极为擅长，它赋予我们买卖、竞争与创造的自由，从而改善社会。

Yeah, but how can you call it freedom when the most affordable food is diabetes-inducing junk? How can it be genius, when life-saving drugs aren't fast-tracked because they don't generate enough profit?是啊，但当最便宜的食物是引发糖尿病的垃圾食品时，你怎么能称之为“自由”？当救命药因利润不高而无法加速上市时，这又如何称得上“天才”？

Oh, so you want to grow the pie? Well, then the name of the game is capitalism.哦，所以你想让蛋糕变大？那么这场游戏的名字就叫“资本主义”。

The game of capitalism is rigged. I mean, who cares about the size of the pie if it's so unevenly distributed?资本主义这场游戏是被操控的。我的意思是，如果蛋糕分配极度不均，又有谁在乎它有多大？

Sweetheart, size always matters.亲爱的，大小永远很重要。

And who would you have managing our food supply or setting drug prices? Do Venezuela or North Korea develop any life-saving drugs? Sure, capitalism has its problems, but it solves them through innovation.那你想让谁来管理我们的食物供应或制定药品价格？委内瑞拉或北韩有开发出什么救命药吗？当然，资本主义有它的问题，但它靠创新来解决。

Yeah, yeah, I'm all for innovation. But toward what end game? I mean, there's this paradox where innovations in energy efficiency often make us use more total energy, which is a problem if that energy isn't clean.是是是，我也支持创新。但终极目标是什么？比如，有个悖论是：能源效率的提升常常导致我们使用更多的总能量，如果这些能量不是清洁的，那就是个大问题。

Listen, the economic system in America today isn't even true capitalism. It's a crony perversion of capitalism. But even in its imperfect form, capitalism is still humanity's greatest champion. Try not to drop your hammer on his toe or gut him with your sickle.听着，当今美国的经济体制甚至不是真正的资本主义，它是一种裙带资本主义的畸形版本。但即便是不完美的形式，资本主义仍然是人类最伟大的支柱。别把你的锤子掉在他脚上，也别用镰刀把他开膛破肚。

OK. See, criticizing capitalism does not mean pushing for socialism. It means recognizing the fatal flaw of capitalism. In its pursuit of profit, it fails to account fully for its costs. We are in the midst of an existential crisis when arms races are counted as economic growth. A tree is worth more dead than alive. And people are worth more outraged and addicted than they are conscious and free.好吧。看，批评资本主义并不意味着要拥抱社会主义。那是对资本主义致命缺陷的认识：在追逐利润的过程中，它从未真正考虑其全部代价。当军备竞赛被当作经济增长、树木死了比活着更有价值、人们愤怒和上瘾比清醒和自由更有“利用价值”时，我们已经处在一场生存危机中。

I'm not saying that capitalism itself is the goal, OK? It's simply our best strategy for achieving the goal.我不是说资本主义本身是目标，好吗？它只是我们实现目标的最佳策略之一。

Oh, so then what is the goal? That is a question for society, not capitalists to answer, you oligarch!哦，那目标是什么？这是全社会应该回答的问题，而不是让资本家来定的，寡头先生！

Bring it, Pinko!放马过来吧，粉红分子！

Whoa, whoa, whoa, fellas.喂喂喂，伙计们，冷静点。

What!?什么！？

What!?什么！？
Oh, boy, OK.哦天啊，好吧。

What if you're both partially right?如果你们两个都“各有道理”呢？

Let me show you what we've built so far. So right off the bat, you can see how this -- it got the the overall aesthetic of the scene, right. You know, everything fits well globally. It got the environment, got the background. It got the pagoda to be the tallest structure. You have these houses next to it and you have the trees behind. So all of that sounds good.让我给你们看看我们目前构建的成果。首先你可以看到，它很好地把握了整个场景的美学风格，对吧？一切在整体上都非常协调。它做出了环境、背景，还把宝塔设置为最高的建筑。你能看到旁边有房屋，后面有树木。这些都非常不错。

But I see my friend Maurice joining in from California. He's also watching this live and say, "Hi, Maurice."但我看到我的朋友莫里斯从加州上线了。他也正在观看这个直播。大家跟他说声“嗨，莫里斯”。

Isn't it fun to basically connect, build and play with friends? This is the whole point of this thing. So obviously he's excited.能和朋友一起连接、一起建造、一起玩耍，是不是很有趣？这正是这个项目的核心所在。所以他显然也很兴奋。

Oh wow, look at some of these things it's created. So the one interesting thing is if you don't like something, you can just move it around. So I'm going to move this object. It's a huge truck. Well let's move it away. Obviously this is the fun of doing the live demos.哇，看看它创建出来的一些东西。有趣的是，如果你不喜欢某个东西，你可以随意移动它。所以我现在要移动这个物体，是一辆大卡车。我们把它挪开。这就是现场演示的乐趣所在。

And then let's take a look at all the things it created. Oh, I see this fox here or a wolf, right, the cute anime wolf. Let's see. Come back here. Let's take a look at you. OK, well, let's move you here. What do you guys think?然后我们来看看它创建的所有东西。哦，我看到这里有只狐狸或者狼，对吧？那只可爱的动漫风小狼。看看它。回来这边，让我们看看你。好吧，把你移动到这里。你们觉得怎么样？

Well, unlike images, because this is a 3D world, we can build on a game engine. We can add effects to it. So you can actually make this much more immersive. Maybe I can make it snow because it's the winter village, so you'll start seeing snow in a second.与图片不同，因为这是一个3D世界，我们可以基于游戏引擎进行构建，还可以加入各种效果。所以你可以让这个场景更加沉浸式。比如我可以让它开始下雪，因为这是一个冬季村庄，你马上就会看到雪落下来。

And in addition to creating objects, the AI model can also produce code to make these objects functional. So I can actually go up to this car or maybe let me try this snowmobile and it lets me ride it.除了生成物体，AI模型还能生成代码，使这些物体具备功能性。所以我实际上可以走到这辆车旁边，或者让我试试这辆雪地摩托，它可以让我骑上去。

So if I press this, I can kind of go around and ride it around and you can see how this can get really cool. And I'm sure Maurice is going to do some fun driving around. Look at that, he's already there.所以如果我按下这个，我就可以骑着它四处转转。你能看到这玩起来是多么酷。我敢肯定莫里斯已经在开心地开车兜风了。你看，他已经在那里了。

OK, Maurice, take it easy. One last thing I'd like to show you is with these worlds, I love seeing them at different times of the day, so I can switch it around, I can make it into sunset. Or actually I can see it at night. And night, it's kind of really cool because you start seeing the moon and the sky.好的，莫里斯，慢点开。我想展示的最后一件事是，在这些世界里，我很喜欢在不同的时间观察它们。所以我可以切换时间，比如变成日落时分。或者我也可以把它调成夜晚。夜晚也很酷，因为你可以看到月亮和夜空。

But another thing that happens is see how these lanterns that we added, they start lighting up. And this is another example of the functionality which we call 4D, that the model adds. So it knows that the lanterns emit light. And so it makes them, you know, lit.还有一个很棒的效果是，你看到我们添加的那些灯笼了吗？它们开始亮起来了。这是模型添加的一种我们称之为“4D”的功能的又一个例子。它知道灯笼会发光，所以就让它们亮起来了。

So these are some of the things that you can do, which bring a scene to life. And let me switch back to day. And the lights turn off.这些就是你可以做的一些事情，它们能让一个场景真正“活起来”。现在让我把时间切换回白天，灯光就会熄灭。

Anyway, I could be doing this all day long with you guys, but sadly, I think I'm out of time. Hopefully you guys had a preview of the transformative power of AI for 3D.总之，我可以整天和你们一起做这些事情，但可惜的是，我的时间差不多到了。希望你们已经体验到AI在3D领域所带来的变革性力量。

We think this is the future of 3D gaming.我们相信，这就是3D游戏的未来。