Lin Zexu believed moral clarity and the largest drug bust in history could end the opium crisis and avert war. Yet, as his solution drained into Humen Bay, so too did the last hope of peace between China and Britain.
Time Period Covered:
1836–June 1839

Major Historical Figures:

The Qing Empire:
The Daoguang Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Minning) [r. 1820–1850]
Lin Zexu, Imperial Commissioner and Governor-General of Huguang [1785–1850]
Deng Tingzhen, Governor-General of Liangguang [1776–1846]
Huang Juezi, Minister and court official (opium policy advocate)

The British Empire:
King William IV [r. 1830–1837]
Queen Victoria [r. 1837–1901]
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Foreign Secretary [1784–1865]
Charles Elliot, Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China [1801–1875]
Lancelot Dent, Opium trader and head of Dent & Co. [1799–1875]
James Matheson, Merchant and political advocate for war [1796–1878]

Major Sources Cited:
Fairbank, John K. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast
Platt, Stephen R. Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s Last Golden Age
Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. “The Canton Trade and the Opium War,” in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10
Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. The Fall of Imperial China
Lovell, Julia. The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China

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Letter to the queen of England, from the high Imperial Commissioner Lin, and his

colleagues.

From the Canton press.

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In 1834, Britain sent a man to China almost perfectly unsuited to the job... only to forbid him from actually doing it. William John Napier, naval officer, socialite, & dilettante with no experience in diplomacy, trade, or China, arrived at Canton convinced he was destined to break open the Qing Empire by force of his will alone. But he would not get quite the war he wanted. Nor the recognition he imagined. Nor the vindication he believed history owed him. Which is not to say he got nothing at all...

Time Period Covered:

January-October, 1834

Major Historical Figures:

The Qing Empire:

The Daoguang Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Minning) [r. 1820–1850]

Lu Kun, Governor-General of Liangguang [1772–1835]

The British Empire:

King William IV [r. 1830-1837]

William John Napier, 9th Baron Napier, Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China [1786-1834]

Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston [1784–1865]

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey [1764–1845]

Major Sources Cited:

Fairbank, John K. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast

Platt, Stephen R. Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s Last Golden Age.

Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. “The Canton Trade and the Opium War,” in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10.

Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. The Fall of Imperial China.

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In this empire business, you gotta make the opium first. Then when you get the opium, you get the silver. Then when you get the silver, then you get the tea.
Time Period Covered:
ca. 1760-1839 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Empire:
The Daoguang Emperor (Minning) [r. 1820–1850]
Governor-General of Liangguang, Ruan Yuan [1764–1849]
"The Hoppo" (Imperial Superintendent of Maritime Customs), The emperor’s personal revenue agent at Canton
Chinese Commercial Interests:
"The Cohong" (Gonghang), the licensed guild of Cantonese merchants authorized to trade with foreigners
"The Consoo Fund" (Gongsuo), the Cohong’s collective insurance pool
Yaokou Dealers & River Smugglers, opium wholesale intermediaries and armed transporters inland via the Pearl River system
British & Foreign Interests:
The British East India Company (EIC)
The Select Committee at Canton, the EIC's on-site management team
Dr. William Jardine (1784–1843), physician-turned-opium magnate
The True Protagonists:
Silver, shiny
Tea, fragrant
Opium, somniferous
Major Works Cited:Fairbank, John K. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854.
Platt, Stephen R. Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s Last Golden Age.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. “The Canton Trade and the Opium War” in The Cambridge History of China, Volume 10: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part I.

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Great Qing begins to buckle under early 19th c. internal pressures. Unrest first erupts not at the imperial core but along its social and geographic margins. This time, we look at three of the early warning shocks: the Miao frontier rebellions, the rise of Triad networks across the southern coastal cities, & the formation of the apocalyptic White Lotus uprising.
Time Period Covered:
~1790s-1840s CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Empire:
Fu Nai, Qing magistrate
Heshen, grand councilor under the Qianlong Emperor, (1750-1799)

Miao People:
Shi Sanbao, Miao rebel leader, (d. ~1796)
Shi Liudeng, Miao rebel leader, (d. 1797)
White Lotus Sect:
Lin Shuangwen, Leader of the Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth Society), (1756–1788)
Liu Song, White Lotus sect figure/leader, (banished~1775; active 1770s–1790s)
Liu Zhishi, Disciple of Liu Song; charismatic White Lotus preacher, (active 1790s)
Major Works Cited:
Mann, Susan and Philip A. Kuhn. “Dynastic decline and the roots of rebellion” in The Cambridge History of China, Volume 10: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 1.Naquin, Susan. "Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813."
Ownby, David. Brotherhoods and Secret Societies in Early and Mid-Qing China.Rowe, William. China's Last Empire: The Great Qing.

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The Qing Empire did not collapse because it stopped working. It collapsed because it kept working — just barely — under pressures that compounded faster than reform could relieve them...

Time Period Covered:

~1790s-1840s CE

Major Works Cited:

Jones, Susan Mann and Philip A. Kuhn. “Dynastic Decline and the Roots of Rebellion.” The Cambridge History of China, vol. 10: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part I

Kuhn, Philip A. Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, 1796–1864.

Pomeranz, Kenneth, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy.

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From the koan chants of monasteries tucked between Himalayan peaks, to wending caravan paths stretching endlessly across the arid expanses of the Taklamakan & trackless steppes of Dzungaria, we finish out our look at the four primary frontier regions of the Qing Empire as of 1800, where they'd come from, how they were operated, & the imperial tonnage of headaches for Beijing that came with both.
Tibet - 00:01:21
Xinjiang - 00:22:08

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The world is coming to Qing's doorstep, but it has a whole other set of problems along its own frontiers...

Less chronologically tied-down than most of our episodes, today we look at two of the Qing Empire's four major "inner frontier zones" and how they - in spite of often getting upstaged by the "flashier" elements of the 1800s & Qings clashes with the wider world, many have played an even larger part in its imperial decay than the British East India Co. could've ever hoped to achieve. We start off today with Manchuria & Mongolia...

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The 19th Century is going to be exceedingly rough on Qing China. So, before we venture down into the chasm that is the "Chinese Century of Humuliation's" opening salvos, let's assess where we - and the Empire - sit as of 1810...

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Back with pt. 2 of autumnal fictions of the spine-tingling variety. This time largely from (where else) Pu Songling, as well as several shorter entries from the Zibuyu.
00:01:15 - Friendship Beyond the Grave
00:10:25 - Karmic Debts
00:12:30 - Spiritual Man Luo Catches the Wrong Demon
00:16:39 - The Human Prawn
00:18:37 - The Hairy People of Qin
00:21:01 - The Magic Sword

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