通勤學英語 15Mins Today

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K365: British Museum facing legal action over Parthenon sculptures 3D scan refusal

The British Museum is facing legal action from one of the UK’s leading heritage preservation organizations over its refusal to allow the 3D scanning of a piece in its Parthenon sculptures collection.

大英博物館正面臨英國領導遺產保護組織的法律訴訟，該組織拒絕允許對其帕台農神廟雕塑系列中的一件作品進行 3D 掃描。

The Institute for Digital Archaeology (IDA) said it would serve an injunction against the museum imminently, raising the stakes in the dispute between the two.

數位考古研究所 (IDA) 表示，它將立即對博物館發出禁令，這增加了兩者之間爭端的風險。

“We will be filing a complaint by the end of the week requesting the court to order the British Museum to grant our request,” Roger Michel, the IDA’s executive director, told the Guardian. “We want them to treat our application in exactly the same fashion that they would treat similar requests. Their refusal has been capricious and arbitrary.”

“我們將在本週末提出申訴，要求法院命令大英博物館批准我們的請求，”IDA 執行董事羅傑米歇爾告訴衛報。 “我們希望他們以與處理類似請求完全相同的方式處理我們的申請。他們的拒絕是反复無常和武斷的。”

The Oxford-based institute had hoped, with the museum’s blessing, to reproduce one of the high relief metopes from the Acropolis temple’s south facade as “proof of concept.” In 2016 it reconstructed Syria’s Palymyra arch of triumph out of Egyptian marble based on photographs following the monument’s destruction by Islamic State.

這家位於牛津的研究所曾希望在博物館的支持下，複製雅典衛城神廟南立面的高浮雕牆面之一，作為“概念證明”。 2016 年，它根據紀念碑被伊斯蘭國摧毀後的照片，用埃及大理石重建了敘利亞的 Palymyra 凱旋門。

Advocates believe 3D imaging could be employed to not only create replicas of the classical treasures but help resolve the longstanding row between Athens and London over patrimony of the Parthenon sculptures. Scans would allow a robot sculptor to reproduce the artworks with sub-millimetre accuracy using the same Pentelic marble from which the originals were chiselled, according to the IDA, a supporter of the sculptures’ repatriation to Greece.

支持者認為，3D 成像不僅可以用來製作古典珍品的複製品，還可以幫助解決雅典和倫敦之間關於帕台農神廟雕塑遺產的長期爭執。支持將雕塑送回希臘的 IDA 表示，掃描將允許機器人雕塑家使用與雕刻原件相同的 Pentelic 大理石以亞毫米精度複製藝術品。

The antiquities, regarded as the high point of classical art, have been in the British Museum’s possession since 1816 after their removal from the Parthenon at the behest of Lord Elgin, the British ambassador to the Ottoman empire, which then controlled what is now modern Greece.

這些古物被視為古典藝術的最高點，自 1816 年根據英國駐奧斯曼帝國大使埃爾金勳爵的要求從帕台農神廟移走後，這些古物一直由大英博物館收藏，當時奧斯曼帝國控制著現在的現代希臘.

Successive Greek governments have argued that the antiquities were illegally hacked from the temple at a time when it was a subject nation without voice or sovereignty. The British Museum says they were legally acquired.

歷屆希臘政府都爭辯說，當它是一個沒有發言權或主權的附屬國時，這些文物是從神廟中非法盜取的。大英博物館稱它們是合法獲得的。 Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2022/04/05/2003776008

Topic: 對現狀不滿拉美從傾右變傾左 Leftists Replacing Right-Wing Leaders Across Latin America

In the final weeks of 2021, Chile and Honduras voted decisively for leftist presidents to replace leaders on the right, extending a significant, multiyear shift across Latin America.

在2021年的最後幾周，智利和宏都拉斯果斷地投票支援 左翼總統取代右翼領導人，延續 了整個拉丁美洲長達數年的重大轉變。

This year, leftist politicians are the favorites to win presidential elections in Colombia and Brazil, taking over from right-wing incumbents, which would put the left and center-left in power in the six largest economies in the region, stretching from Tijuana to Tierra del Fuego.

今年，左翼政客是贏得哥倫比亞和巴西總統選舉的最愛，他們接替了右翼現任者，這將使左翼和中左翼在該地區從蒂華納到火地島的六大經濟體中掌權。

Economic suffering, widening inequality, fervent anti-incumbent sentiment and mismanagement of COVID-19 have all fueled a pendulum swing away from the center-right and right-wing leaders who were dominant a few years ago.

經濟困境、不斷擴大的不平等、狂熱的反現任情緒以及對COVID-19的管理不善，都助長了幾年前佔主導地位的中右翼和右翼領導人的鐘擺擺動。

The left has promised more equitable distribution of wealth, better public services and vastly expanded social safety nets. But the region’s new leaders face serious economic constraints and legislative opposition that could restrict their ambitions — and restive voters who have been willing to punish whoever fails to deliver.

左翼承諾更公平地分配財富，提供更好的公共服務，並大大擴展社會安全網。但該地區的新領導人面臨著嚴重的經濟限制和立法反對，這可能會限制他們的野心-以及願意懲罰任何未能兌現承諾的人的不安分選民。

The left’s gains could buoy China and undermine the United States as they compete for regional influence, analysts say, with a new crop of Latin American leaders who are desperate for economic development and more open to Beijing’s global strategy of offering loans and infrastructure investment. The change could also make it harder for the United States to continue isolating authoritarian leftist regimes in Venezuela, Nicaragua and Cuba.

分析人士說，左翼的收益可能會提振中國，削弱美國，因為他們在爭奪地區影響力時，新一批拉丁美洲領導人迫切希望經濟發展，並對北京的全球戰略持更開放的態度， 提供貸款和 基礎設施投資。這一變化還可能使美國更難繼續孤立委內瑞拉、尼加拉瓜和古巴的獨裁左翼政權。

With rising inflation and stagnant economies, Latin America’s new leaders will find it hard to deliver real change on profound problems, said Pedro Mendes Loureiro, a professor of Latin American studies at the University of Cambridge. To some extent, he said, voters are “electing the left simply because it is the opposition at the moment.”

隨著通貨膨脹率上升和經濟停滯，拉丁美洲的新領導人將發現很難在深刻的問題上實現真正的變革，劍橋大學拉丁美洲研究教授佩德羅·門德斯·洛雷羅（Pedro Mendes Loureiro）說。他說，在某種程度上，選民正在"選舉左翼，僅僅是因為它目前是反對派。"

Unlike the early 2000s, when leftists won critical presidencies in Latin America, the new officeholders are saddled by debt, lean budgets, scant access to credit and, in many cases, vociferous opposition.

與2000年代初不同，當時左翼分子在拉丁美洲贏得了關鍵的總統職位 ，而新的官員則背負著債務，預算緊張， 信貸匱乏以及在許多情況下大聲反對的負擔。

Eric Hershberg, director of the Center for Latin American and Latino Studies at American University, said the left’s winning streak is born out of widespread indignation.

美國大學拉丁美洲和拉丁裔研究中心主任埃裡克·赫什伯格（Eric Hershberg ）表示，左翼的連勝源於 廣泛的憤怒。

“This is really about lower-middle-class and working-class sectors saying, ‘Thirty years into democracy, and we still have to ride a decrepit bus for two hours to get to a bad health clinic,’”Hershberg said.

"這實際上是關於中下層階層和工人階層部門說，'民主三十年後，我們仍然必須乘坐破舊的公共汽車兩個小時才能到達一個糟糕的健康診所，'"赫什伯格說。Source article: https://udn.com/news/story/6904/6092284

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Topic : Venezuela, Once an Oil Giant, Reaches the End of an Era

For the first time in a century, there are no rigs searching for oil in Venezuela.

百年來，委內瑞拉首次沒有鑽油平台在鑽探石油。

Wells that once tapped the world’s largest crude reserves are abandoned or left to flare toxic gases that cast an orange glow over depressed oil towns.

曾自全球最大原油礦藏採油的油井，不是廢棄，就是任由洩漏的毒性氣體逕自燃燒，使附近蕭條的石油城鎮蒙上一層橘光。

Refineries that once processed oil for export are rusting hulks, leaking crude that blackens shorelines and coats the water in an oily sheen.

先前把石油加工出口的煉油廠成了生鏽的殘骸，洩漏的原油染黑了海岸線，並在海面形成一層油光。

Fuel shortages have brought the country to a standstill. At gas stations, lines go on for miles.

燃料短缺使這個國家陷入癱瘓。在加油站，排隊加油的車輛綿延數哩。

Venezuela’s colossal oil sector, which shaped the country and the international energy market for a century, has come to a near halt, with production reduced to a trickle by years of gross mismanagement and U.S. sanctions. The collapse is leaving behind a destroyed economy and a devastated environment and, many analysts say, bringing to an end the era of Venezuela as an energy powerhouse.

委內瑞拉龐大的石油業曾形塑這個國家和國際能源市場長達百年，如今卻幾近停頓，由於多年來管理不善和遭受美國制裁，產量只剩一丁點。石油業崩潰導致經濟慘淡，環境重創，且如許多分析家所言，為委國作為能源大國的時代畫下句點。

The country that a decade ago was the largest producer in Latin America, earning about $90 billion a year from oil exports, is expected to net about $2.3 billion by this year’s end — less than the aggregate amount that Venezuelan migrants who fled the country’s economic devastation will send back home to support their families, according to Pilar Navarro, a Caracas, Venezuela-based economist.

長駐委國首都卡拉卡斯的經濟學家納瓦洛說，當地10年前是拉丁美洲最大產油國，每年出口石油賺進900億美元，但到今年年底，預計可進帳23億美元，還不及為逃避經濟崩潰而出國的國民匯回養家的金錢總額。

Production is the lowest in nearly a century after sanctions forced most oil companies to stop drilling for or buying Venezuelan oil — and even that trickle could dry up soon, analysts warn.

分析家警告，制裁迫使許多石油公司停止鑽探或購買委國石油，以致其產量降到近百年來最低，甚至最後這點生產也可能即將停止。

The decline has diminished beyond recognition a country that just a decade ago rivaled the United States for regional influence. It is also unraveling a national culture defined by oil, a source of cash that once seemed endless; it financed monumental public works and pervasive graft, generous scholarships and flashy shopping trips to Miami.

石油業衰落，使十年前與美國享有同等區域影響力的委內瑞拉面目全非，還破壞了以石油為基礎的的國家文化，石油曾經是看似取之不盡的現金來源：支應大型公共工程，助長普遍存在的貪腐，用以發放豐厚的獎學金，也讓人們享受到美國佛州邁阿密的豪華購物之旅。

Crippling gasoline shortages have led to an outbreak of dozens of daily protests across most Venezuelan states in recent weeks.

汽油嚴重短缺，導致最近幾周委內瑞拉多數州每天總共爆發數十場抗議。

More than 5 million Venezuelans, or 1 in 6 residents, have fled the country since 2015, creating one of the world’s greatest refugee crises, according to the United Nations. The country now has the highest poverty rate in Latin America, overtaking Haiti this year, according to a recent study by Venezuela’s three leading universities.

聯合國資料顯示，2015年起已有逾500萬，也就是六分之一委國人逃離，是全球最大難民潮之一。委國三所頂尖大學最近的調查顯示，委國今年取代海地，成為拉美貧困率最高的國家。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/358363/web/

主題: 讓兒時夢想成真 Make your childhood dream come true

畫的動詞：

Draw - 畫

Doodle - 塗鴉/亂畫

Sketch - 素描/速寫

圖畫呈現:

Illustration - 插畫

Comic strip - 四格漫畫

Manga - 漫畫

Graphic novel - 圖像小說

猜一猜，這個漫畫英文名是什麼

• Kamehameha (Dragon Ball)

不對稱漫畫名

犬夜叉 - Inuyasha

單車宅男 - Yowamushi Pedal

鋼之鍊金術師 - Fullmetal Alchemist

美少女戰士 - Sailor Moon

【 圖像到故事｜掌握創作力的關鍵課程 】 期待你的意見 ▶️ https://hankmax.co/15minsZhiZhi

超精實 3 大系列主題課程：圖像繪畫 × 故事心法 × 直播示範

不論是喜歡漫畫的朋友、想經營圖文社群的專業工作者，這組豐富好入門的課程，推薦給喜歡畫畫的你 : )

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K364: Hard Questions From Students Across Europe

As they returned from playing tag at recess on a recent sunny morning, the red-cheeked children had lots of questions.

在最近一個陽光明媚的早晨，當他們在課間休息時玩完抓鬼回來時，玩的滿臉通紅的孩子們問很多問題。

“Russia is big enough; why does he want more land?” Max, 11, his eyes on an atlas, asked his teacher about President Vladimir Putin of Russia.

俄羅斯足夠大那他為什麼想要更多的土地？11歲的馬克斯盯著一本地圖集，向他的老師詢問了俄羅斯總統Vladimir Putin的情況。

Jessica, 11, stood with a knee on her chair. “Why are most crazy people men?” she wondered.

11歲的潔西卡（Jessica）跪在椅子上。“為什麼大多數瘋子都是男人？”她想知道。

Issy, 11, turned to the teacher: “Would you stay and fight for your country?”

11歲的伊西轉向老師：“你會留下來為你的國家而戰嗎？”

Tara Harmer, a teacher of 36 years, paused to think. “It’s a difficult one, isn’t it?” she said in her elementary school classroom in Horsham, a town in southern England. “My instinct would be to protect you,” she reasoned. “Yes, I think I would fight for my country.”

36歲的塔拉·哈默（Tara Harmer）停下來想了下。“這是個很難回答的問題，不是嗎？” 她在英格蘭南部小鎮霍舍姆（Horsham）的小學教室里說。“我的本能是保護你，”她解釋。“是的，我想我會為我的國家而戰。

As Europeans have grappled with the shock of facing a war on their doorstep and a frenzied news cycle, many teachers have had little time to process what was happening; they had to provide answers, and fast.

當歐洲人努力應對家門口的戰爭和瘋狂的新聞周期的衝擊時，許多教師幾乎沒有時間處理正在發生的事情，他們必須提供答案，而且速度要快。

“I have had 100 questions,” said Sandro Pellicciotta, who teaches geography at a high school in the northern Italian city of Bologna. “And to be honest, I am quite afraid of saying some nonsense.”

“我有100個問題，”在義大利北部城市博洛尼亞的一所高中教地理的桑德羅·佩利喬塔（Sandro Pellicciotta）說。“說實話，我很害怕說一些廢話。

Schoolchildren today were born long after the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s, and some were toddlers when the war in Syria was at its height. No conflict they are old enough to remember has been so widely displayed on their TikTok feeds as the war in Ukraine, or so close to home.

今天的學童是在1990年代巴爾幹衝突之後很久才出生的，有些人在敘利亞戰爭達到頂峰時還是蹣跚學步的孩子。可是在他們的時代，在他們的TikTok提要上如此廣泛地顯示為烏克蘭戰爭，或者離家這麼近。

The distance between their world and that of geopolitics has telescoped, and teachers have struggled to assuage fears that this war might affect them all. After two years of a pandemic, they also say the war has undermined their efforts to convince children that the world is not a hostile place.

他們的世界與地緣政治之間的距離已經大大增加，教師們一直在努力緩解人們對這場戰爭可能影響他們所有人的擔憂。經過兩年的大流行，他們還說，戰爭破壞了他們說服兒童相信世界不是一個充滿敵意的地方的努力。

Teachers across Europe described the challenges they were facing in the classroom and the questions they had been asked.

歐洲各地的教師描述了他們在課堂上面臨的挑戰以及他們被問到的問題。

Governments around Europe have acknowledged the challenges that the war in Ukraine poses for teachers and have drafted guidelines for them.

歐洲各國政府已經認識到烏克蘭戰爭給教師帶來的挑戰，併為他們擬了指導方針。

In France, the government said teachers should explain the common history of Russia and Ukraine, but make clear that it “does not substantiate the thesis that Ukraine, a sovereign state, does not have the right to independence.” According to the guidelines, teachers should also not insist on discussing the war if students are reluctant to do so.

在法國，政府表示，教師應該解釋俄羅斯和烏克蘭的共同歷史，但明確表示，這“並不能證實烏克蘭這個主權國家沒有獨立權的論點”。根據指導方針，如果學生不願意討論戰爭，教師也不應該堅持討論戰爭。Source article: https://udn.com/news/story/6904/6242895

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K363: About health - Screen-Time Before Bed Can Disrupt Sleep

Digital screen time before bed can have a negative impact on the quality of your sleep. A US study found that as little as eight minutes of exposure to blue light keeps you mentally stimulated for over one hour, which tends to throw off the body’s circadian rhythm or biological clock.

睡前花時間看數位螢幕會對你的睡眠品質產生負面影響。美國一項研究發現，只要暴露在藍光下短短8分鐘，就能讓你在1個多小時內保持精神興奮，這往往會擾亂身體的晝夜節律或生物時鐘。

Exposure to blue light suppresses the production of melatonin, a hormone that induces sleepiness. Melatonin release in the evening helps you relax before bedtime. Suppression of melatonin can cause you to stay up later and sleep less than you normally would.

暴露在藍光下會抑制褪黑激素的產生，褪黑激素是一種會導致嗜睡的激素。晚間釋放褪黑激素可幫助睡前放鬆。抑制褪黑激素會導致你熬夜，睡眠時間比平時少。

Seeing something right before bed that either makes you upset or happy can trigger a response that prolongs falling sleep, which consequently delays REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. These emotions can leave you staring at the ceiling for hours feeling wide awake.

睡前看到讓你心煩意亂或快樂的事情，會引發延長入睡時間的反應，從而延遲快速眼動（REM）睡眠。這些情緒會讓你盯著天花板看幾個小時，感覺完全清醒。

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Want to sleep better? Lift some weights 想要睡好點？練些舉重吧

Struggling to sleep? Put some muscle into your efforts by adding resistance training, otherwise known as weight training, to your weekly exercise routine.

難以成眠？將阻力訓練、也就是重量訓練，納入每週例行運動，再多試試看吧。

In fact, resistance training may even beat aerobic exercise in the race for best sleep aid, according to a new preliminary study presented Thursday at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology, Prevention, Lifestyle & Cardiometabolic Health Conference.

事實上，根據週四「美國心臟學會流行病學、預防、生活型態和心臟代謝健康會議」上發表的一份新的初步研究，以最能幫助睡眠來說，阻力訓練或許甚至比有氧運動還好。

"In our study, we found that resistance exercise appeared to go above and beyond aerobics or even a combined aerobic and resistance routine on several different sleep outcomes," said study author Angelique Brellenthin, an assistant professor of kinesiology at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa.

「我們在研究中發現，在數個不同的睡眠結果上，阻力運動比有氧運動、甚至是有氧加阻力運動的效果還要好」，研究報告作者、愛荷華州立大學人體運動學助理教授布雷倫森說。Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1509615 ; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1509987

本集節目由五十年醬油品牌 豆油伯贊助播出，好醬油 豆油伯直接幫你送到家

Summary:

Soy sauce is arguably the most important seasoning in Asian cooking. Its well-balanced, salty-sweet taste and deep layer of umami richness make nearly all foods taste more delicious and satisfying. Its uses range from a dab on sushi to a splash into noodle soups and stir-fries, as well as the featured flavour of glazed dishes like teriyaki.

The now-beloved condiment came about soon after a Japanese Buddhist monk named Shinchi Kakushin returned from a trip to China and became the abbot at Kokoku-ji Temple near Yuasa. He brought with him a recipe for making Kinzanji miso, a uniquely chunky type of miso made from whole soybeans, various other grains (such as barley and rice) and vegetables.

Vocabulary:

1. Condiment n. 調味品/醬料

Uncle Soy Sauce is now the hottest condiment in town. 豆油伯是現下最受歡迎的醬料。

1. Umami n. 鮮味(源於日本用語)

Dipping your sashimi in soy sauce would elevate the umami of the fish 生魚片沾點醬油會提升鮮味。

1. Season v. 調味

If you season your food with soy sauce, you will easily create Chinese food 如果你用醬油來調味食物，馬上可以創造中華風味的料理。

更多Vocab Podcast節目: https://www.15mins.today/vocab

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.K362: The Era of the Foreign Correspondent Is Over

It will be named for a word that is the same in dozens of languages. It will recruit English-speaking journalists from countries like India and Singapore to cover the news. And according to its cofounder, “The era of the foreign correspondent is over.”

它將會是在幾十種語言中相同的單詞。它將從印度和新加坡等國招募講英語的記者來報導 新聞。根據其聯合創始人的說法， 外國記者的時代已經結束。“

These are among the ideas in store for the new media venture led by Justin Smith, the former chief executive of Bloomberg Media, and Ben Smith, the former editor of BuzzFeed and media columnist for The New York Times, according to remarks by Justin Smith during an online seminar.

根據賈斯汀·史密斯（Justin Smith）在一次在線研討會上的言論，這些都是由彭博媒體（Bloomberg Media）前首席執行官賈斯汀·史密斯（Justin Smith）和BuzzFeed前主編、《紐約時報》媒體專欄作家本·史密斯（Ben Smith）領導的新媒體企業的想法之一。

The Smiths, who are not related, have been tight-lipped about plans for their new company, which has captured the fascination of the media industry because of its high-profile founders and their ambitious pledge to compete with international outlets like Reuters, The Associated Press and The Times.

史密斯夫婦沒有血緣關係，他們對新公司的計劃守口如瓶，該公司因其備受矚目的創始人以及他們雄心勃勃的承諾與路透社，美聯社和泰晤士報等國際媒體競爭而吸引了媒體行業的魅力。

The Smiths are seeking tens of millions of dollars in funding from prominent investors. They announced the hiring of Gina Chua, a top editor at Reuters who will serve as executive editor.

史密斯夫婦正在尋求知名投資者的數千萬美元資金 。他們宣佈聘請路透社的頂級編輯Gina Chua， 她將擔任執行編輯。

Justin Smith offered some new details during an hourlong Zoom interview sponsored by the Harvard Business School Club of New York.

賈斯汀·史密斯（Justin Smith）在紐約哈佛商學院俱樂部（Harvard Business School Club of New York）贊助的長達一小時的Zoom採訪中提供了一些新的細節。

“We’ve chosen a brand that we’re going to be unveiling in a couple of months that is the same word in 25 or 35 different languages,” Smith told the moderator. “It is very intentionally going to be able to live in Asia or Europe or the Middle East or America.”

“我們選擇了一個我們將在幾個月內推出的品牌，這是25或35種不同語言的同一個詞，”史密斯告訴主持人。 “這是非常有意的，能夠生活在亞洲、歐洲、中東或美洲。“

Smith did not reveal the name that he had selected. English words that are the same or similar in many other languages include taxi, tea, coffee, chai, sugar, pajama, radio and soup.

史密斯沒有透露他選擇的名字。 在許多其他語言中相同或相似的英語單詞包括計程車，茶，咖啡，柴， 糖，睡衣，收音機和湯。

Smith also shared his thoughts about what he called the end of an era where news outlets based in London, New York or Washington dispatched journalists to foreign countries to report on the goings-on there. He asked why foreign readers would not prefer a homegrown English-speaking native to report the news in their region.

史密斯還分享了他對自己所謂的時代結束的看法，在這個時代 ，倫敦、紐約或華盛頓的新聞媒體派遣記者 到國外報導那裡發生的事情。他問為什麼外國 讀者不喜歡一個土生土長的講英語的人來報導 他們所在地區的新聞。

“The idea that you send some well-educated young graduate from the Ivy League to Mumbai to tell us about what’s going on in Mumbai in 2022 is sort of insane,” Smith said.

“你派一些受過良好教育的年輕畢業生從常春藤盟校到孟買告訴我們2022年孟買發生的事情，其實有點瘋狂，”史密斯說。

Instead, he said he would pursue “very educated, English-language-educated journalists all around the world,” describing an opportunity “for scaling local and regional newsrooms at a lower cost.”

相反的，他說他將在世界各地追求「受過良好教育，受過英語教育的記者」，並描述了一個“以較低的成本擴大本地和區域新聞編輯室的機會。” Source article: https://udn.com/news/story/6904/6210011

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K361: Farm animals and humans should be treated the same, children say

Children think farm animals deserve to be treated as well as human beings but lose this belief in adolescence, a groundbreaking study has found.

一項開創性的研究發現，孩子們認為農場動物應該像人類一樣受到對待，但在青春期就失去了這種信念。

Researchers from the universities of Exeter and Oxford asked a group of British children aged nine to 11, young adults aged 18 to 21 and older men and women about their attitudes to different sorts of animals.

來自埃克塞特大學和牛津大學的研究人員詢問了一組9至11歲的英國兒童，18至21歲的年輕人以及年齡較大的男性和女性，以了解他們對不同種類動物的態度。

In general, the children said farm animals and human beings should be treated the same and found eating animals less morally acceptable than both sets of adults. The findings suggest that “speciesism” — a moral hierarchy that gives different value to different animals — is learned during adolescence, according to the study.

普遍來說，孩子們說農場動物和人類應該得到同樣的對待，並且發現吃動物在道德上不如兩組成年人。研究結果表明，「物種主義」——一種賦予不同動物不同價值的道德等級制度——是在青春期學習的。

“Humans’ relationship with animals is full of ethical double standards,” said the lead author, Luke McGuire, a lecturer at the University of Exeter who specializes in social and moral development. “Some animals are beloved household companions, while others are kept in factory farms for economic benefit. Judgments seem to largely depend on the species of the animal in question: dogs are our friends, pigs are food.”

“人類與動物的關係充滿了道德雙重標準，”主要作者，埃克塞特大學（University of Exeter）專門研究社會和道德發展的講師盧克·麥奎爾（Luke McGuire）說。“有些動物是心愛的家庭伴侶，而另一些則為了經濟利益而被飼養在工廠化農場。判斷似乎在很大程度上取決於所討論動物的種類：狗是我們的朋友，豬是食物。

The report says an important aspect of the human mind is “moral acrobatics”: people can hold ethical values that contradict each other and employ moral double standards. But the origins of moral acrobatics relating to animals is poorly understood and the researchers say this new study provides some of the first evidence examining the differences in how children and adults think about animal treatment.

報告說，人類思維的一個重要方面是“道德雜技”：人們可以持有相互矛盾的道德價值觀，並採用道德雙重標準。但是，與動物有關的道德雜技的起源知之甚少，研究人員表示，這項新研究提供了一些初步證據，檢查了兒童和成人如何看待動物治療的差異。

Among other tasks, participants in the study were presented with pictures including a farm animal and companion animals and asked to categorize them as “food”, “pet” or “object”. They were asked how animals were treated, and how they should be treated.

除其他任務外，該研究的參與者還獲得了包括農場動物和伴侶動物在內的圖片，並被要求將它們歸類為“食物”，“寵物”或“物體”。他們被問及如何對待動物，以及應該如何對待它們。

Children did not judge all animals to be equal. They concluded, in fact, that dogs ought to be treated better than pigs — but also that pigs ought not to be treated differently from humans. The two sets of adult groups said pigs ought to be treated less well than dogs, while humans and dogs ought to be treated the same.

孩子們並沒有判斷所有的動物都是平等的。事實上，他們得出的結論是，狗應該比豬受到更好的對待，但也不應該對豬的待遇與人類不同。這兩組成年群體表示，豬應該比狗受到的待遇要差，而人類和狗應該受到同樣的對待。

McGuire said the study suggests that while children think farm animals and humans ought to be treated equally well, by adulthood people believe that companion animals and humans ought to be treated better. He said children rated eating animals as significantly less permissible than young adults and adults did.

McGuire說，這項研究表明，雖然孩子們認為農場動物和人類應該得到同等的對待，但到了成年人，人們認為伴侶動物和人類應該得到更好的對待。他說，兒童認為吃動物比年輕人和成年人的允許性要低得多。

The paper, published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science, is titled “The development of speciesism: age-related differences in the moral view of animals.”

這篇論文發表在《社會心理與人格科學》（Social Psychological and Personality Science）雜誌上，題目是“物種主義的發展：動物道德觀中與年齡相關的差異”。Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2022/04/19/2003776807

Topic: About Canada - Quebec unlocks world’s only maple syrup strategic reserve

Quebec Maple Syrup Producers（QMSP）is releasing more than half of the world’s only strategic reserve of 45 million kg of maple syrup to keep up with soaring demand - avoiding a sticky situation for pancake lovers.

魁北克楓糖漿商會（QMSP）正釋出全球僅有的4500萬公斤楓糖漿戰略儲備的逾半儲量，以滿足高漲的需求，避免鬆餅迷無楓糖可吃。

Sales of maple syrup have climbed since the pandemic spread in 2019 and led to more people eating at home. Adding to the syrup squeeze, Quebec’s harvest in 2020 was the smallest in three years due to unusually warm weather.

自2019年疫情蔓延、導致人們更常在家吃飯以來，楓糖漿銷量一飛衝天。由於不尋常的溫暖氣候影響，魁北克省2020年的收成量創下3年新低，也使楓糖漿更加缺貨。

The Global Strategic Maple Syrup Reserve spans 24,805 square meters, the equivalent of five football fields, securing syrup in sterilized 170-liter barrels.

「全球策略性楓糖漿保留計畫」的儲備廠佔地2萬4805平方公尺，相當於5座足球場，楓糖漿則密封在170公升的滅菌桶中。

QMSP is also approving 7 million new taps during the next three years, a 14% increase, to bolster production.

QMSP也同意在3年內增採700萬棵楓樹，約增加14％，以提升楓糖漿生產量。

Next Article

Topic: To keep coronavirus out, Canada’s smallest province kept the rest of the country away 為了不讓新冠病毒進入 加拿大最小省分與全國其他地方保持距離

In the winter months, when icy conditions keep most people from traveling by sea, there are only two ways to enter Prince Edward Island: by plane or an eight-mile bridge.

在（因海面）冰凍以致大多數人無法搭船（上島）的冬季月份，只有兩種方式可以進入愛德華王子島：搭機或（開車走）8英里長的橋。

When the novel coronavirus started spreading around the world early this year, Canada’s smallest province, off the country’s eastern coast north of Nova Scotia, found itself at a geographical advantage. The island’s remoteness, paired with an aggressive isolation campaign that restricted nonessential travel and enforced two-week quarantines for those arriving in the province, paid dividends.

當今年稍早新冠病毒開始蔓延全球之際，這個位於加拿大東岸外海、新斯科舍省以北的加國最小省分，發現自己享有地理上的優勢。該島的偏僻性，再加上限制非必要旅遊以及蒞臨該省者強制檢疫2週的激進隔離活動，獲致良好效果。

By late April, as death counts were ticking upward in other parts of Canada and soaring in the United States, the province had confirmed just 27 cases of the virus — all of them linked to off-island travel. None of those patients was hospitalized, and no one died.

到了4月底，當加拿大其他地區的死亡人數向上攀升，美國的死亡人數也一飛沖天之際，該省只有27起新冠病毒確診病例─所有病例都與島外差旅有關。這些患者中無人住院，也無人死亡。Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1506234 ; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1388474

Next Article

Topic: Fly south or roost? Canadian ’snowbirds’ weigh Florida mid-pandemic

Birds of a feather normally flock together, but the pandemic has divided Canada’s "snowbird" warm weather migrants into two camps：those staying home this winter and those heading to Florida no matter the cost.

通常來說，物以類聚，但是這場疫情已經使加拿大每年遷徙到氣候溫暖區的「雪鳥族」分成兩陣營：待在家鄉過冬，以及不計代價前往佛州者。

Nearly a million Canadians make the annual pilgrimage, fleeing to the southern United States to pass what would otherwise be gray and snowy months with their toes tucked in the sand and ocean breeze in their hair.

每年有將近100萬名加拿大人飛奔到美國南方，享受漫步沙灘、和煦海風吹過髮梢，度過在家鄉會是滿是灰白雪世界的幾個月。

The coronavirus has led a majority to forgo the trip this year － but for those flouting Canada’s repeated calls to stay put, the price tag on winter at the beach has skyrocketed.

新型冠狀病毒導致今年大多數人放棄這趟旅程，但是對那些不顧加拿大一再呼籲不要旅行的人來說，到南方沙灘過冬的代價飛漲。

Each plane ticket costs Can$500 and hauling the vehicle 55 miles across the border sets customers back $1,000.

每張機票要500加幣，把車子運送55英里越過邊境，則要花上1000加幣。

Next Article

Topic: Canadian officials warn drivers not to let moose lick their cars 加拿大官員警告駕駛 不要讓駝鹿舔他們的車

Officials in Jasper, an alpine town in Canada’s Alberta province, have put up signs asking motorists to avoid allowing moose to lick the salt off their cars.

加拿大亞伯達省高山小鎮賈斯柏的官員們，已經張貼標語要求駕駛人不得允許駝鹿舔他們車外的鹽。

"They’re obsessed with salt, it’s one of the things they need for the minerals in their body," Jasper National Park spokesman Steve Young told CNN. "They usually get it from salt lakes in the park, but now they realized they can also get road salt that splashes onto cars."

「他們癡迷於鹽，鹽是其中一種牠們身體必需的礦物質」，賈斯柏國家公園發言人史蒂夫．楊告訴美國有線電視新聞網，「他們通常會從公園的湖鹽獲取它（礦物質），但現在他們知道，他們也能從濺在車上的路鹽得到」。

At the Jasper National Park, where people often park on the side of the road in hopes of catching a glimpse of the moose, letting the animals near your car is actually a serious danger.

賈斯柏國家公園內時常有人停車在路邊，希望能得到駝鹿的注意，但讓動物接近你的車，其實是非常危險的。

By allowing moose to lick the salt off your car, they will become habituated with being around cars. That poses a risk to both the animals and the drivers who can accidentally crash into them.

允許駝鹿舔你的車外的鹽，將會讓牠們習慣徘徊於車子旁邊。對動物及可能意外與牠們相撞的駕駛人都構成風險。

Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1422097

Topic: In Canada, Unraveling Centuries of Indigenous Land Claims

Whenever Prime Minister Justin Trudeau or his Cabinet ministers speak in certain parts of Ontario or Quebec, they begin by acknowledging they are on “unceded Algonquin territory.”

每當總理賈斯汀．杜魯多或他的內閣部長在安大略或魁北克省的特定地方發表演說時，都會以承認他們是站在「未讓渡的阿岡昆領土上」開場。

That recognition is just one of the ways Trudeau’s government has been trying to signal a top priority: righting the wrongs Canada has done to indigenous people, especially over land that aboriginals say was taken from them unjustly.

如此承認只是杜魯多政府試圖表明其第一優先要務的途徑之一，這要務則是導正加拿大對原住民所做的錯事，特別是針對原住民聲稱被以不公平方式奪走的土地。

But finding common ground on this issue has proved to be one of Trudeau’s most difficult policy initiatives, and critics say efforts to resolve the land disputes have bogged down. But both sides agree on the importance of sorting out the claims.

在這議題上尋求共識已證明是杜魯多最棘手的政策舉措之一，且批評者指出，解決土地紛爭的努力已陷入困境。不過，雙方都認同解決土地聲索問題的重要性。

“The process of negotiating land claims should be an absolute pillar of reconciliation,” said Ken Coates, a historian at the University of Saskatchewan who studies treaties and is a consultant to indigenous groups. “This is our chance to get it right and if we don’t — boy, when will we get the chance again?”

薩斯喀徹溫大學歷史學家肯恩．柯茨對條約有深入研究且是原住民團體的顧問，他說：「談判土地聲索的過程應該成為雙方和解的絕對支柱。這是我們導正錯誤的機會，若不這樣做，天哪，不知何時還有機會？ 」

Of the many issues dividing Canada’s federal and provincial governments from its indigenous people, land claims are among the most symbolically important and economically consequential, often involving vast amounts of territory.

在造成加拿大聯邦政府、省級政府與原住民間隔閡的諸多問題中 ，土地聲索是最具象徵意義與經濟重要性者之一，經常事關極大量的領土。

Some claims involve hundreds of millions of dollars, and tribes are often interested in controlling the land at issue, by, for example, having a say over logging, oil exploration and mining.

有些土地聲索涉及數億美元，部落往往對擁有這些爭議土地的控制權感興趣，例如在伐木、探油和開礦上享有發言權。

One claim by various Algonquin groups involves the 8.9 million acres of the Ottawa watershed — which includes Canada’s Parliament buildings and Supreme Court. The government thought it had settled that claim in principle a year ago, but it has ended up in litigation anyway.

各阿岡昆族群共同提出的聲索之一，是渥太華流域的890萬英畝土地，其上有加拿大國會大廈和最高法院。 政府認為1年前原則上已解決了這項聲索，不過到頭來還是成了對簿公堂。

The claims are legally thorny, often requiring historians, archaeologists, geographers and geologists to give evidence sometimes stretching back before recorded history to support, or challenge, them.

這些聲索在法律上相當棘手，經常需要歷史學家、考古學家、地理學家和地質學家提供證據，有時還必須回溯到有文字可考歷史之前，以支撐或挑戰這些聲索。

In some regions, land may have been occupied by different indigenous groups at different times, even changing hands after battles that were unrecorded. These groups may all assert rights, and claims can overlap.

在部分地區，土地可能被不同的原住民族群在不同的時間占據過，甚至曾在戰爭後易手而沒有留下紀錄。這些族群可能都提出主權聲索，而且可能彼此重疊。

Then there is the problem of treaties. Some indigenous groups, like the Algonquins, never signed treaties giving up their land. The government says it is talking with about 140 indigenous groups in that situation.

接著還有條約問題。一些原住民族群如阿岡昆人，從未簽署過放棄他們土地的條約。 政府表示他們正與處於這種狀況下的約140個原住民族群進行談判。

Others did sign treaties, and a government tribunal that deals with treaty disputes has 72 cases and is so overwhelmed that it cannot estimate how long it will take to resolve them.

其他族群確實簽署了條約，處理條約爭端的1個政府法庭手上有72個案件，案件多到不堪負荷，難以估計要多久才能解決。

The result is that settlement negotiations occur at a frustratingly slow pace.

結果則是，和解談判是以令人沮喪的龜速進行。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/320990/web/

主題: 英語慣用語系列 – 家用品相關慣用語 Household Items Idioms

1. (No) Strings Attached 無條件

Meaning: Without additional obligations, without conditions

Example: I’m giving you the money. Pay me back if you can, but don’t worry about it. There are no strings attached.

1. A Needle in a Haystack 大海撈針

Meaning: Trying to find something that is mixed in with many similar items

Example: There must be 300 bags on this carousel. We’ll be searching for a needle in a haystack.

1. In the Toilet 不好的狀況

Meaning: In disastrous condition

Example: Sales have been in the toilet all year. What can we do to make people want to buy our products?

1. Push the Envelope 挑戰創新/極限

Meaning: Go beyond common ways of doing something, be innovative

Example: Vera Wang has become well known because her clothing designs consistently push the envelope.

1. Sweep Under the Rug 眼不見為淨

Meaning: Attempt to temporarily conceal a problem or error

Example: You can sweep your mistake under the rug, but the audit will make clear what you did.

練習分享時間: 你可以用全部慣用語來造句嗎？挑戰下自己看可以用多少個。