通勤學英語 15Mins Today

每日英語跟讀 Ep.887: Not set in stone: Statues fall as the globe reexamines its past

From Confederate monuments in the United States to statues of British slave traders, memorials erected in honor of historical figures have become a focus of protests around the world. The death of George Floyd, a black man who died after a white Minneapolis police officer pressed a knee to his neck on May 25, has sparked a reexamination of rigid injustices and inequalities over the centuries underpinning many countries’ histories that often were exalted in stone or bronze.

從美國的南方聯盟紀念像到英國販奴者之雕像，尊崇歷史人物的紀念物已成為全世界抗議活動的焦點。五月二十五日，美國一位黑人喬治‧弗洛伊德被明尼阿波利斯市的白人警官以膝蓋壓制頸部致死，引發了對數百年來根深柢固之不公不義的重新審視──在許多國家這些不公不義鞏固了其歷史，而這些歷史常以石雕或青銅雕塑來頌揚。

The rapidly unfolding movement to pull down Confederate monuments around the US has extended to statues of slave traders, imperialists, conquerors and explorers around the world, including Christopher Columbus, Cecil Rhodes and Belgium’s King Leopold II.

席捲美國各地的南方聯盟紀念物拆除行動已擴及各國奴隸販子、帝國主義者、征服者與探險家之雕像，包括克里斯多福‧哥倫布、塞西爾‧羅德斯和比利時國王利奧波德二世。

Scholars are divided over whether the campaign amounts to erasing history or updating it. Authorities in London and many other UK cities have announced plans to review all statues, street names and other monuments to see whether they reflect modern values and the country’s current diversity. This is sure to lead to fiery debate.

此運動究竟是抹除歷史抑或糾正歷史，學者們意見分歧。

倫敦和英國許多城市的政府已宣布計畫要檢討所有雕像、街道名稱和其他紀念物，以檢視它們是否反映現代價值及英國現今之多樣性。這肯定會引起激烈的辯論。

New Zealand’s fourth-largest city removed a bronze statue of the British naval officer Capt. John Hamilton, the city’s namesake, on June 12, a day after a Maori tribe asked for the statue be taken down and one Maori elder threatened to tear it down himself. The city of Hamilton said it was clear the statue of the man accused of killing indigenous Maori people in the 1860s would be vandalized. The city has no plans to change its name.

紐西蘭第四大城漢密頓市在六月十二日拆除了英國海軍軍官約翰‧漢密頓上校之銅像，這是在毛利部落要求拆除雕像，且一位毛利長老揚言要自行拆除後之次日。漢密爾頓市表示，被控在一八六?年代殺戮毛利原住民的漢密爾頓，其雕像顯然將被破壞。漢密頓市並無更名之計畫。

Across Belgium, statues of Leopold II have been defaced in half a dozen cities because of the king’s brutal rule over the Congo, where more than a century ago he forced multitudes into slavery to extract rubber, ivory and other resources for his own profit. Experts say he left as many as 10 million dead.

比利時國王利奧波德二世之雕像在六個城市遭到污損，因他對剛果的殘酷統治。一個多世紀前，利奧波德二世為求一己之利益，在剛果強迫民眾奴役，以榨取橡膠、象牙及其他資源。專家說他造成多達一千萬人死亡。

“The Germans would not get it into their head to erect statues of Hitler and cheer them,” said Mireille-Tsheusi Robert, an activist in Congo who wants Leopold statues removed from Belgian cities. “For us, Leopold has committed a genocide.”

剛果活動人士米海耶-楚西‧侯貝說：「德國人不會想要樹立希特勒的雕像來鼓舞他們」，她希望比利時的城市拆除利奧波德雕像，「對我們而言，利奧波德犯下了種族滅絕的罪行」。

In the US, the death of Floyd has led to an all-out effort to remove symbols of the Confederacy and slavery. On the night of June 10, protesters pulled down a century-old statue of Confederate president Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia, the former capital of the Confederacy.

在美國，弗洛伊德之死導致人們力圖全面去除南方聯盟及奴隸制的象徵。

在過去的南方聯盟首府維吉尼亞州里奇蒙市，抗議人士於六月十日晚間推倒了一座有百年歷史的南方聯盟總統杰佛遜‧戴維斯雕像。

In Washington, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said it is time to remove statues of Confederate figures from the US Capitol and take their names off military bases such as Fort Bragg, Fort Benning and Fort Hood.

美國眾議院議長南希‧裴洛西在華盛頓表示，現在是撤除美國國會大廈中南方聯盟人物雕像的時候了，也該讓軍事基地與這些名字脫鉤了，例如布雷格堡、本寧堡及胡德堡。

Supporters of Confederate monuments have argued that they are important reminders of history; opponents contend they glorify those who went to war against the US to preserve slavery.

南方聯盟紀念物的支持者認為，它們是提示歷史記憶的重要記號。反對者則堅決主張，這些紀念物美化了那些為維護奴隸制而與美國作戰的人。

The Davis monument and many others across the south were erected decades after the Civil War during the Jim Crow era, when states imposed tough new segregation laws, and during the Lost Cause movement, in which historians and others sought to recast the south’s rebellion as a noble undertaking, fought to defend not slavery but states’ rights.

戴維斯雕像及美國南方許多紀念雕像，是在美國南北戰爭後數十年樹立的，當時南方各州實施新的、嚴格的隔離法——吉姆‧克勞法。在「敗局命定」（Lost Cause）的文學書寫運動中，歷史學家和其他人試圖將南方的叛亂改寫為崇高的事業，是為捍衛州的權利，而非為捍衛奴隸制而戰鬥。

Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/06/23/2003738669

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.886: Pluto may have started out its life as a hothead

Pluto, a frigid little world inhabiting the solar system’s outer reaches, may have been born as a warmer place sheltering a subsurface ocean that still exists today, researchers said on Monday. An analysis of images of its surface taken in 2015 by NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft and computer simulations of the dwarf planet’s interior led the researchers to propose a “hot start” scenario for Pluto’s formation some 4.5 billion years ago as the solar system, including Earth, took shape.

科學家於週一指出，冥王星──這顆居住在太陽系外緣的小型嚴寒星體──在誕生時很可能是一個溫暖的地方，保護著一片今日仍然存在的地底海洋。研究人員分析了美國國家航空暨太空總署「新視野號」太空船在二○一五年拍下的冥王星表面影像，並利用電腦模擬這顆矮行星內部。他們提出假說，指出冥王星可能是在一個炙熱的情境中形成，當時距今約四十五億年，也就是包含地球在內的太陽系逐步成形的時代。

“When Pluto was forming, new material would have been coming in and impacting its surface. Each impact is like an explosion that would warm the nearby area,” said University of California Santa Cruz planetary scientist Carver Bierson, lead author of the research published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

該研究的主要作者、美國加州大學聖塔克魯斯分校的行星科學家卡弗‧比爾森指出：「在冥王星形成初期，新的物質很可能持續不斷撞擊行星表面。每一次撞擊都像是一場爆炸，使得附近區域溫度升高。」這篇研究日前發表於《自然地球科學》期刊。

“If Pluto formed slowly, the surface would cool between each impact and generally stay very cold. If Pluto formed quickly, you have impact on top of impact and the surface doesn’t have time to cool. We calculate that if Pluto formed in less than 30,000 years, the heat from these impacts could have been sufficient to lead to an early ocean,” Bierson added.

比爾森補充表示：「如果冥王星形成過程緩慢，表面就會在每次撞擊之間的空檔冷卻下來，大多數時間維持在相當低的溫度。假設這顆星球快速形成，撞擊一次接著一次，表面就會來不及冷卻下來。根據我們的計算，要是冥王星的形成時間少於三萬年，這些撞擊產生的高溫可能足以創造出一片早期海洋。」

Pluto, orbiting the sun about 40 times further than Earth in a region called the Kuiper Belt, may possess an icy outer shell hundreds of kilometers thick atop an ocean of water perhaps mixed with salts and ammonia, with a solid rocky core below, Bierson said. Under this scenario, parts of the ocean would gradually freeze over time. Water expands as it freezes, and cracks on Pluto’s surfacing may be evidence of this. Pluto’s surface temperature is about -230°C.

冥王星在太陽系外圍稱作「古柏帶」的區域繞著太陽運行，與日距離約為地球的四十倍。比爾森指出，這顆行星可能擁有一塊厚達好幾百公里的結冰外殼，底下藏著一片液態海洋，水中可能混合著鹽類和氨，中間是一顆堅硬的岩石核心。在這樣的情境下，冥王星地底海洋的部分區域會隨著時間經過逐漸結冰。由於水在結冰時會膨脹，冥王星表面的裂痕可能就是地底海洋結冰推擠地殼的證據。該星球的表面溫度約為攝氏零下兩百三十度。

Because water is considered a vital ingredient for life, a subsurface ocean could make Pluto a long-shot candidate for harboring living organisms. “Water could have been interacting chemically with the rocky core beneath the ocean, giving you more chemical ingredients to work with,” Bierson added. “Are those the right ingredients for life? We don’t know. We need to learn more about how life forms, or how life could form, to find these answers.”

水被認為是構成生命的一項重要成分，因此地底海洋可能會讓冥王星成為有望庇護生命有機體的候選人之一，儘管此可能性相當渺茫。「水有可能和海洋底下的岩石核心不斷進行化學反應，製造出更多需要研究的化學成分，」比爾森補充表示：「那些是生命所需的正確成分嗎？我們不知道。科學家必須更深入研究生命如何形成，或是在什麼條件下才可能出現，進而找到這些問題的解答。」

Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/06/28/2003738960

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.885: About Japan - Japanese baseball fan enters empty stadium via robot

One lucky baseball fan was taken inside the otherwise empty Tokyo Dome for Yomiuri Giants’ win on Tuesday via a monitor mounted on a robot she controlled from home.

一名幸運的棒球迷因讀賣巨人隊週二獲勝，透過從住家控制、安裝在一個機器人上頭的監視器，把她帶進否則是空蕩蕩的東京巨蛋。

Nippon Professional Baseball teams have begun their season without fans in stadia due to restrictions implemented to slow the spread of COVID-19, yet 14-year-old Futaba Tsuchiya was given special access via the monitor.

由於實施用來延緩2019冠狀病毒疾病傳播的限制措施，日職球團展開了沒有球迷在館內的球季，但14歲的土屋雙葉特別獲准透過監視器入場。

Tsuchiya also interviewed two Giants players and spoke to cheerleaders as she toured the 55,000 capacity Tokyo Dome.

土屋也訪問了兩名巨人隊球員，她巡視這個可容納5萬5000人的東京巨蛋時，還和啦啦隊員們說話。

Giants, Japan’s most popular and successful team, are giving one fan the chance to interact with the players in this way during every home game, but only if they win.

日本最成功也最受歡迎的巨人隊，以這種方式提供一位球迷和球員們在每一次主場賽事互動的機會，但得要他們贏球。

Fortunately for the Giants and Tsuchiya, they edged Hiroshima Carp 3-2 to make it four wins from four since the delayed start of the season on Friday.

巨人隊和土屋很幸運，以3比2險勝廣島東洋鯉魚隊，締造它在延期到週五展開的本球季連4勝紀錄。

 

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Parts of facilities for 2020 Tokyo Olympics taken down for now 2020年東京奧運設施的某些部分被暫時拆除

With the postponed competitions now more than a year away, some parts of the stadiums built for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics are being dismantled for safety reasons.

在被延後的奧運賽事距今還有1年多的情況下，為了2020年東京奧運會與帕運會所打造的體育場，某些部分基於安全理由被拆除。

According to the organizers, they are only taking things apart that could be dangerous to leave in place, such as temporary stands, until the Olympics and Paralympics are held next summer.

根據東奧組委會，他們只拆掉那些若留在原地可能會構成危險的設施，例如臨時看台，直到奧運會與帕運會在明年夏天登場為止。

On June 9, dismantled stands were removed by a crane at Aomi Urban Sports Park in Tokyo’s Koto Ward, where three-on-three basketball and sports climbing competitions are scheduled to be held.

6月9日，預定舉行3對3籃球賽與運動攀岩賽的（日本東京）江東區青海都會運動公園已被拆掉的看台，被起重機移除。

Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1380854 ; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1382571

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.884: About Indonesia - Survival surfing： Indonesians riding the waves to beat tsunami trauma

Surfboard tucked under his arm, Dery Setyawan sprints into waves.

德瑞．塞蒂亞旺用手臂夾著衝浪板，奮力衝向海浪。

It is not just a physical challenge but an emotional one － most of his family and friends were swept to their deaths when a tsunami sparked by 9.3 magnitude quake killed more than 220,000 on December 26, 2004, with Indonesia the hardest stricken.

這不僅是身體上的挑戰，也是心靈上的，因為在2004年12月26日的海嘯中，他的多數親友都被沖向死亡。那場海嘯由芮氏規模9.3的地震引發，導致逾22萬人喪命，尤以印尼受創最重。

At his hometown Lampuuk, only 300 out of 7,000 residents survived. Setyawan remembers the water crashing into his home, dragging him some 200 meters till he hit some debris and clung on for his life.

在他的家鄉蘭普克，7000名居民中僅300人生還。塞蒂亞旺記得海水沖進他家，把他沖到約200公尺外，直到他撞上並抓住破瓦殘礫才存活下來。

In years following, the surviving residents were fearful of the water. But after the first anniversary of the disaster, Setyawan decided to face his fears. "Waves from the beach are our friends, the ones that killed people during the tsunami were from the deep ocean." he depicts.

後來幾年，倖存者都害怕海水。但在災難一週年後，塞蒂亞旺決定面對恐懼。他形容：「海岸的浪是我們的朋友，在那場海嘯中殺死人們的是來自深海的浪。」

Now a professional surfer, he has competed in international and domestic competitions, and aims to transform the shores from a place of despair to one of hope.

他現在是專業衝浪者，會參加國內外比賽，並且打算把發生災難的海岸，從絕望之地改造成希望之域。

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Indonesia’s New Coronavirus Concern：A Post-Pandemic Baby Boom印尼新的冠狀病毒問題：疫情後的嬰兒潮

The government vehicles began appearing in Indonesian towns and cities in May, equipped with loudspeakers blaring a blunt message. "You can have sex. You can get married. But don’t get pregnant," health workers said.

裝了揚聲器的政府交通車5月開始出現在印尼村落與城市，傳遞直白的訊息。「你可以做愛，但是不要懷孕」，衛生工作人員說。

Indonesian officials are worried about a possible unintended consequence of the country’s coronavirus restrictions：a post-pandemic baby boom.

印尼官員憂心，全國的武漢肺炎封鎖措施可能帶來意料之外的後果：大流行後的嬰兒潮。

In April, as people across Indonesia stayed home, about 10 million married couples stopped using contraception, according to the National Population and Family Planning Agency, which collects data from clinics and hospitals that distribute birth control.

從分送生育控制工具的診所和醫院蒐集數據的「國家人口和家庭計畫署」指出，當全印尼的人們4月間都待在家裡時，約1000萬對已婚伴侶停止使用避孕措施。

Many women couldn’t get access to contraceptives because their health care provider was closed. Others did not want to risk a visit, for fear of catching the virus.

許多婦女無法取得避孕工具，因為她們的保健提供機構關門了。其他人則是因為憂心感染病毒，不想冒險出門。

Hasto Wardoyo, who heads the family planning agency, has estimated that there could be 370,000 to 500,000 extra births early next year.

領導這個家庭計畫機構的哈斯托．瓦爾多約預估，明年初可能會有37萬到50萬名計畫外的新生兒。

Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1373101

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.883: Thousands of Complaints Do Little to Change Police Ways

In nearly two decades with the Minneapolis Police Department, Derek Chauvin faced at least 17 misconduct complaints, none of which derailed his career.

沙文在美國明尼蘇達州明尼亞波利斯市警察局服務近20年，投訴他行為不當的案件至少有17起，沒有一起危及他的職涯。

Over the years, civilian review boards came and went, and a federal review recommended that the troubled department improve its system for flagging problematic officers.

多年來，負責調查投訴警察案件的機構「平民調查委員會」來來去去，而聯邦政府評鑑後，曾建議出問題的明尼亞波利斯警局，改善其標記行為失當員警的制度。

All the while, Chauvin tussled with a man before firing two shots, critically wounding him. He was admonished for using derogatory language and a demeaning tone with the public. He was named in a brutality lawsuit. But he received no discipline other than two letters of reprimand.

沙文在這個警局服務期間經常出事。他與一名男子激烈爭執，而後開了兩槍，致使該男子重傷。他因為出言貶損和羞辱民眾而遭申誡。他被控告行徑殘忍。不過，沙文除了收到兩封訓斥信之外，沒受到任何懲戒。

It was not until Chauvin, 44, was seen in a video with his left knee pinned to the neck of a black man, prone for nearly nine minutes and pleading for relief, that the officer, who is white, was suspended, fired and then charged with murder.

一直要到沙文被人錄下用左膝蓋壓住一名非裔男子（佛洛伊德）頸部、使該男子趴在地上近9分鐘並求他放開，沙文這個44歲的白人警察才被停職、革職，再被控以謀殺罪。

His case is not unusual. Critics say the department, despite its long history of accusations of abuse, never fully implemented federal recommendations to overhaul the way in which it tracks complaints and punishes officers—with just a handful over the years facing termination or severe punishment.

沙文這樣的案例並不罕見。批評者說，明尼亞波利斯警局雖然被控濫權施暴已久，卻從未徹底執行聯邦建議，改善追蹤投訴案和懲戒員警的機制，多年來遭到免職或嚴懲的員警屈指可數。

Even as outrage has mounted over deaths at the hands of the police, it remains notoriously difficult in the United States to hold officers accountable, in part because of the political clout of police unions, the reluctance of investigators, prosecutors and juries to second-guess an officer's split-second decision and the wide latitude the law gives police officers to use force.

儘管警察暴力執法致死已使民怨高漲，在美國，要追究員警責任仍是難到不行，部分是因為警察工會的政治影響力很大，調查人員、檢方和陪審團不願質疑員警在剎那間做出的決定，以及法律賦予員警寬鬆的動用武力空間。

Police departments themselves have often resisted civilian review or dragged their feet when it comes to overhauling officer disciplinary practices. And even change-oriented police chiefs in cities like Baltimore and Philadelphia—which over the last few years have been the sites of high-profile deaths of black men by white officers—have struggled to punish or remove bad actors.

在改革懲戒員警的作法方面，警局本身常抗拒平民調查委員會的建議，或在執行時拖拖拉拉。就算在近年來發生多起白人警察執法過當、致使非裔男子死亡的知名案件的城市，如馬里蘭州巴爾的摩、賓州費城等，有心改革的警察局長懲戒失職員警或將他們免職也相當吃力。

Across the country, civilian review boards—generally composed of members of the public—have been notoriously weak. They gather accounts, but cannot enforce any recommendations.

全美各地平民調查委員會通常由公眾組成，力量之小眾所周知。委員會蒐集各種陳述，卻無法落實任何建議。

In 2012, the civilian board in Minneapolis was replaced by an agency called the Office of Police Conduct Review. Since then, more than 2,600 misconduct complaints have been filed by members of the public, but only 12 have resulted in an officer being disciplined. The most severe censure has been a 40-hour suspension.

2012年，明尼亞波利斯平民委員會由名為「警察行為審查辦公室」的機構取代。從那時起，公眾共計提出2600多件警察行為不當的申訴案，但其中僅12件以懲戒員警作結，最嚴重的懲戒是停職40小時。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/353904/web/

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.882: Is a Pandemic the Right Time to Start a Business？

In March, as small businesses across the country were shutting down amid the spreading coronavirus pandemic, Shanel Fields was about to open one up.

今年三月新冠肺炎開始大流行，全美各地小型企業紛紛歇業，而夏奈兒‧費爾茲卻準備開一家新公司。

For Fields, the timing couldn't have been better. Her company, MD Ally, allows 911 dispatchers and other responders to route nonemergency calls and patients to virtual doctors, to help local governments improve their emergency response systems.

對費爾茲來說，時機可再好不過了。她的公司名叫MD Ally，能協助911緊急求救電話的調度員和其他救難人員，將非緊急電話和病人轉給虛擬醫生，從而幫助地方政府改善他們的緊急救難反應系統。

She's not alone: New businesses are forming despite the pandemic.

她並不孤單，因為儘管疫情大流行，新公司仍不斷設立。

Past downturns produced some high-profile U.S. companies: Airbnb, Disney, General Motors, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, Slack, Uber and Venmo, to name a few.

過去的經濟低迷時期造就了一些引人注目的美國企業，像是Airbnb，迪士尼、通用汽車、惠普、微軟、Slack、Uber和Venmo。

“Downturns or challenging times are seen as good times to start a business for two reasons,” said Rashmi Menon, entrepreneur in residence at the University of Michigan's Zell Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies. “One is, there is less competition for resources. The second reason is that whatever changes we face, positive or negative, bring up new customer needs. And customer needs are at the core of any business.”

密西根大學澤爾路利創業研究所常駐企業家拉希米‧梅農說：「經濟低迷或充滿挑戰的時期被視為創業的好時機，這有兩個原因，第一個是爭奪資源者減少。第二個原因則是，無論我們面對的是正面還是負面的改變，都會帶來新的客戶需求。而客戶需求是一切業務的核心。」

For Fields, opening now meant greater access to top talent. She hired her fourth employee and said more than 200 qualified applicants had submitted resumes. And being in the health care sector during a pandemic has raised her profile with funders and governments: MD Ally, which is based in Philadelphia, recently signed its first customer and closed its first round of investment worth $1 million.

對費爾茲而言，現在創業意味著更容易接觸到頂尖人才。她雇用了第四位員工，並表示有200多名符合資格的申請者提交履歷。在疫病大流行期間投入醫療領域，提高了她在投資金主與政府眼中的分量。總部位於費城的MD Ally最近簽下了第一個客戶，並已完成第一輪價值100萬美元的募資。

For others, the timing can mean low interest rates for borrowing startup capital, cheaper equipment as businesses sell off inventory or lower lease rates as landlords scramble to fill empty spaces.

對另一些人來說，這個時機意味著能用低利率借到創業資本，取得因企業出脫庫存而更便宜的設備，租金也因房東爭相出租閒置空間而調降。

“There are going to be industries that are winners, and others that are going to be losers,” said David Brown, who co-founded the startup accelerator Techstars during the 2008 recession. “I probably wouldn’t want to be in a business right now that caters to business travelers, but I’d love to be in a business that helps enable telemedicine.”

2008年經濟衰退期間跟他人共同創辦新創加速器Techstars的大衛‧布朗說：「有些行業會成為贏家，有些則會成為輸家。此刻我大概不會想從事為商務旅行者提供服務的行業，但我會樂於投入有助於實現遠距醫療的行業。」

Determining what customers need now, rather than before the pandemic, is crucial. Menon and Brown see opportunity in offering solutions to the challenges that people now face: educating their children, working from home, managing supply chains, getting a haircut or the house cleaned, seeing doctors and therapists, entertaining themselves. Even new restaurants might be successful if they consider the future of customer service rather than recreate old systems.

確定客戶現在的需求，而非疫情流行前的需求，至關重要。梅農和布朗看到了為人們當前所面臨挑戰提供解決方法的機會，像是教育孩子、在家工作、管理供應鏈、理髮或打掃房子、看醫生與治療師與自我娛樂。即便是新餐館也有可能成功，只要他們考慮到顧客服務的未來，而非重建舊系統。

“If you can find innovative ways for people to feed themselves right now, that might make sense,” Menon said. “You just have to address a need.”

梅農說：「只要你能找到創新的方法來幫助人們解決吃的問題，那就可能行得通。總之你必須能滿足某種需求。」

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/354160/web/

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.881: Today’s Activism: Spontaneous, Leaderless, but Not Without Aim

In the sea of hundreds of protesters who gathered one evening near the intersection where George Floyd was killed, a lone voice rose from the crowd.“Everybody sit down,” it urgently ordered.Others chimed in — “Sit down! Sit down!” — scolding those, even journalists, who were slow to comply.

某個夜晚，數百名抗議者聚集在明尼亞波利斯市、黑人佛洛伊德被白人警察以膝蓋壓頸致死的十字路口附近，人群中響起一個孤單的聲音。它急切命令道：「大家坐下。」另有些人附和道「坐下！坐下！」，並責罵那些沒有立刻配合的人，甚至包括記者在內。

A few minutes later, Tony Clark, wearing a black face mask and an earring with the inscription “Not today Satan,” bounded toward the center of the circle of seated bodies and took the megaphone.“Everybody stand up,” he commanded, contradicting the earlier speaker’s instructions.The crowd rose.

幾分鐘後，戴著黑色口罩、耳環刻有「不是今天，撒旦」字句的湯尼·克拉克，朝席地而坐的人群中間跳過去拿起了擴音器。他命令道：「所有人都站起來。」這跟稍早擴音器傳出的指令相反。大家都站了起來。

“The moment y’all sit down, the moment they’re going to step on y’all,” Clark, 27, said to rousing applause. But a half-hour later, he reversed his stance and told everyone to sit down again.

27歲的克拉克朝著熱烈鼓掌的人們說：「你們坐下的時刻，就是他們踐踏你們的時刻。」但半小時後，他改變了立場並告訴大家坐下。陸戰隊退伍的

“Stop barking orders,” said Davi Young, a Marine veteran, twisting his face. “You’re not the police.”

戴維·楊恩歪曲著臉說：「別再發號施令了。你又不是警察。」

Welcome to 21st-century activism, where spontaneous and leaderless movements have been defined by their organic births and guided on the fly by people whose preferences, motivations and ideas may not always align.

歡迎來到21世紀的街頭抗爭運動，這些自發且沒有領袖的運動，是由它們的有機出生所定義，並由那些喜好、動機與想法可能並不總是一致的人所導引。

But the absence of organized leadership does not mean the movements — from the Arab Spring to Occupy Wall Street to Black Lives Matter — are rudderless.

然而缺乏有組織的領導，並不代表從「阿拉伯之春」到「占領華爾街」再到「黑人的命也是命」這些運動沒有方向。

Leveraging technology that was unavailable to earlier generations, the activists of today have a digital playbook. Often, it begins with an injustice captured on video and posted to social media. Demonstrations are hastily arranged, hashtags are created and before long, thousands have joined the cause.

拜先前世代無法獲得的科技所賜，今日的社運人士握有一本數位教戰手冊。通常，它是從以影片捕捉到不公正事件並發布在社群媒體開始。示威活動在極短時間內安排就緒，主題標籤同時創立，不久後，成千上萬人加入了這項運動。

At the core is an egalitarian spirit, a belief that everyone has a voice, and that everyone’s voice matters.

運動的核心是一種平等精神，一個人人有權說話，每個人的意見都很重要的信念。

But leaderless movements have their challenges.It can be difficult to keep protests from spilling out of control, and difficult to maintain a clear and focused message. Disputes over the best strategies can easily emerge.

可是沒有領袖的運動也有其挑戰。要讓抗議活動不失控很難，維持一個明確集中的訊息也不容易，經常會因何者才是最佳策略而起爭執。

These days, social media is the strongest, most prominent leader. Young activists announce the location of an action or protest on Twitter or Instagram, and within an hour, scores of people are there.

現下，社群媒體是最強大、最突出的領袖。年輕的社運人士在推特或Instagram上宣布活動或抗議的地點，一小時內就有數十人到場。

“I think it kind of does make it hard to manage because you don’t know who’s coming,” said Maryan Farasle, a 17-year-old high school senior who lives in the Minneapolis suburbs and is an activist organizer. “You don’t know the people showing up and what their intentions are.”But at the same time, she added, “I think it is a way to get a lot of people together quickly.”

住在明尼亞波利斯市郊的17歲高三學生、同時也是個抗爭活動主辦者的瑪芮恩．法拉斯勒表示，「我認為這確實有點難管理，因為你不知道會來些什麼人。你不認識出現的人，也不知道他們的意圖」，但同時她又說「我認為這是讓很多人迅速聚集的一個辦法」。

But today’s young activists also avoid singular leaders. “We’ve seen what happens to people in the past when they’re the lead of anything,” Farasle said, referring to civil rights leaders who have been slain.

不過，今天的年輕社運人士也避免出現單一領導人。法拉斯勒說：「我們看到了過去有人成為任何活動的領袖時，他們的下場。」她指的是遇害的民權領袖。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/354160/web/

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.880: Doctors: during pilgrimages in the heat, food poisoning more serious than pandemic

Jenn Lann Temple in Taichung’s Dajia District began its days-long Matsu pilgrimage late on Thursday last week. Doctors are reminding the public that, with the recent hot weather coupled with the extended length of the event, it is important to be mindful of food and drink hygiene. For example, it is best not to leave cooked food for more than two hours before consuming it, to avoid the breeding of germs that could cause food poisoning.

台中市大甲鎮瀾宮上週四深夜起開始一連多日的媽祖遶境。醫師提醒，最近天氣變熱、加上遶境長時間活動，飲食要注意衛生，像是熟食若放著超過兩個小時就別吃了，以免滋生細菌導致食物中毒。

According to Yen Tzung-hai, director of the Department of Nephrology and Division of Clinical Toxicology, it is better to finish hot lunchboxes within two hours of them being cooked, because with the hot weather and high temperatures during the day the food can easily become contaminated by microorganisms, and there is a risk of this causing acute gastroenteritis and even persistent vomiting and diarrhea.

林口長庚醫院毒物科主任顏宗海說，以熟食便當為例，最好在煮好後兩個小時內就把它吃完，因為天熱氣溫高，很容易有微生物汙染，恐致急性腸胃炎，甚至上吐下瀉不停。

Yen says that clinical tests have shown that food poisoning is often caused by germs such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli); Salmonella poisoning is relatively rare, but can be extremely dangerous. Salmonella, which tends to appear on raw foods, is extremely toxic and can cause organ failure and kidney failure in the more serious cases.

顏宗海指出，臨床觀察，導致食物中毒的細菌像是金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌等，比較常見。而沙門氏菌中毒雖然較少見，但它很危險，容易出現在生食上，嚴重可能導致器官衰竭或腎衰竭，毒性頗強。

According to Yen, people joining the pilgrimage should take note of the hygiene of restaurants they stop to eat in, while the owners need to be careful to prepare raw and cooked foods separately, in order to avoid cross contamination. Also, microorganisms breed more quickly in hot weather, and he says, “during summer pay attention to food hygiene, which is more important than guarding against the pandemic.”

顏宗海提醒，參加遶境民眾到餐廳吃飯時，要觀察一下餐廳的衛生狀況，業者也要注意生食、熟食要分開處理，不然恐互相汙染，加上天氣熱微生物滋長更快，「夏天注意飲食衛生，恐怕比防疫更重要」。

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adds that people love to eat ice products in the summer, but inspections carried out in the past have often found that ice products on the market fail to meet the standards, with Staphylococcus aureus being discovered in many cases, and E. coli and Bacillus cereusalso being found. According to the FDA, bacteria can be harmful to the human body, and can cause problems with the digestive system, diarrhea and stomachache in the less serious cases and possibly food poisoning in the more serious cases.

食藥署則提醒，夏天許多人愛吃冰，但往年對市售冰品做微生物檢驗稽查，常常發現不合格，金黃色葡萄菌檢驗出的比例最高，還包括病原性大腸桿菌、仙人掌桿菌等，也提醒生菌對人體造成的危害，症狀輕則腸胃不適、腹瀉、腹痛等症狀，重則有可能引起食物中毒。

Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/06/15/2003738212

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.879: About Britain - Shopping robots come into their own in locked-down English town

A fleet of robots on wheels that deliver shopping in the English town of Milton Keynes have seen their popularity surge as residents are stuck indoors due to the coronavirus lockdown.

一群靠著輪子行進、在英格蘭小鎮米爾頓凱恩斯運送購物貨品的機器人，受歡迎程度隨著居民因新型冠狀病毒封鎖措施無法外出而升高。

The robots, which come up roughly to an adult’s knee height and look like smooth white plastic boxes mounted on six black wheels, are a familiar sight in the town, where they have been delivering groceries for over two years.

這群機器人的高度大約到一名成年人的膝蓋，外表看起來像個裝在6個黑色輪子上的白色光滑塑膠盒，它們在這個小鎮快遞日用品已有2年時間，是當地常見景象。

But since the government imposed strict social distancing measures on March 23, the devices have been busier than ever, delivering for free to National Health Service (NHS) staff and facing increased demand from the general public.

但是，自從政府在3月23日實施嚴格的社交距離，這些裝置就比以往更為忙碌，忙著為國家醫療保健服務（NHS）員工免費快遞，也面臨一般民眾越來越大的需求量。

The robots have what looks like an antenna, topped with a small red flag to make it easier to spot them as they do their rounds.

這批機器人有一根看起來像天線、上面有個小紅旗的桿子，讓它們穿梭街頭快遞時更為醒目。

Next Article:

Britain starts training dogs to detect new coronavirus 英國開始訓練狗來偵測新型冠狀病毒

Canines have been used for decades to sniff out drugs, bombs, corpses and even cancer.

犬類數十年來一直被用於檢測毒品、炸彈、屍體，甚至癌症。

Now, a team of British researches are hoping dogs’ keen sense of smell can help detect COVID-19, CNN reports.

美國有線電視新聞網（CNN）報導，如今英國的一個研究團隊希望狗的靈敏嗅覺能幫助偵測「2019冠狀病毒病」（武漢肺炎）。

The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is working with specially trained dogs to develop a new kind of coronavirus test, one that doesn’t require a swab, but just a sniff.

倫敦衛生與熱帶醫學院正利用經過特殊訓練的狗，發展一種新的冠狀病毒檢測方式，這種檢測不需要拭棉，一嗅即可。

The organization recently discovered canines can detect Malaria infections in humans and they are investigating whether the same is true for COVID-19.

該機構最近發現，狗可以檢測人體內的瘧疾感染，他們正在研究狗是否也可以檢測武漢肺炎。

The training began in March and researchers are eyeing six weeks as enough to determine if the dogs are up to snuff.

訓練從三月份開始，研究人員要觀察六週，以充分確定狗狗是否能夠勝任這份工作。

If the tests go well, these "super sniffers" could be deployed to screen up to 250 people per hour for the virus.

如果檢測順利進行，這些「超級嗅探器」每小時能對多達250人進行病毒檢測。

Researchers said the dogs could be used at airports and other public areas in the future to help prevent another outbreak once the current pandemic declines.

研究人員說，此次大流行疫情平息後，未來狗狗可以被用在機場和其他公共場所，協助預防疫情再次爆發。

Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1375114; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1377201

 

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Welcome to 15mins.today the home of English Shadowing. I'm your host Gavin and this is InTense Episode 51. Well guys we're busy with pronouns and we're almost done with them, so today we're doing interrogative pronouns, and they basically just ask a question. So, they would be the ones at the beginning of a sentence, most of the time.

So they are the following words:what, which, who, whom, whose. Ok, I'm sure there might be more if I looked online, I could probably find some more, but for those in my grammar book, that I'm using, those are the only ones they list and that's good enough for me. So, as long as you know that those words are pronouns, you will be fine. Let us quickly go through this one, because we're almost done and then we will look at the last one in Episode 52. So, today we're looking at interrogative pronouns, so let's look at our examples.

Who ate my cake? I don't know who ate your cake.

What day is today? It is Saturday.

Which pencil do you want? I want this pencil.

Whom are you speaking of? I am speaking of Mary.

Whose car is this? It is my car.

What is the temperature today? It is 30 degrees Celsius.

Which do you prefer purple or pink? I prefer purple.

Who will do the work? I will do the work.

Whom are you talking of? I am talking of my friend.

Whose turn is it? It is my turn.

Well, there you go guys! Short and sweet, I'm sorry, you will notice there are no yes, no questions, because they started with who, what, etc. So, these are open questions. Ok, so, “What time is it?” You know I can say, “It is this time,” so these are not yes or no questions these are open questions. So, it is easy to recognize interrogative pronouns. I hope that helps out and I'll catch you in the next one, bye!

 

每日英語跟讀Podcast，就在http://www.15mins.today/daily-shadowing每週Vocab精選詞彙Podcast，就在https://www.15mins.today/vocab每週In-TENSE文法練習Podcast，就在https://www.15mins.today/in-tense

 

用email訂閱就可以收到通勤學英語節目更新通知。