通勤學英語 15Mins Today

每日跟讀#526: ‘All of Africa Is Here’: Hopes of Climbing to Spain

 

For most migrants from Africa, the last stage of their trip to Europe involves some sort of perilous sea crossing. At the border in Ceuta, there is just a fence.

 

對大多數非洲移民而言，前往歐洲的最後階段涉及某種危險萬狀的渡海。但在西屋達的邊界，它僅是一牆之隔。

 

Ceuta (pronounced say-YOU-tah) is one of the two Spanish communities on the north coast of what otherwise would be Morocco, the only places where Europe has land borders with Africa.The other enclave is Melilla, farther east along the same coast.

 

西屋達是非洲北岸的兩個西班牙自治社區之一，為摩洛哥所包圍，兩地也是歐洲與非洲陸地接壤的唯二地點。另一個飛地是美利亞，在同一海岸，更向東些。

 

Here, all that separates Europe from migrants is a double fence, 20 feet high and topped with barbed wire, stretching the 4 miles across the peninsula and dividing tiny Ceuta from Morocco — plus 1,100 Spanish federal police and Guardia Civil officers, a paramilitary police force.

 

在西屋達，隔著歐洲與移民的只有兩道圍籬，圍籬頂端有帶刺鐵絲網，高20呎，橫跨半島4哩，將西屋達與摩洛哥分開，另外還有1,100名西班牙聯邦警察以及準軍事警察「西班牙國民警衛隊」的警察。

 

They patrol a crossing point that has come under growing pressure.

 

他們巡邏的一個過境點正遭受越來越大的壓力。

 

After Italy’s new government closed the door to migrants, efforts to cross into Spain have more than quadrupled in 2018, making it the No. 1 European destination for migrants from Africa.

 

義大利新政府對移民緊閉大門後，2018年，移民越界入境西班牙的嘗試增加了四倍有餘，西班牙因此成為非洲移民的頭號目的地。

 

In the week ending Aug. 12, according to the International Organization for Migration, 1,419 migrants reached Spain, compared with 359 to Italy and 527 to Greece.

 

根據國際移民組織的數據，截至8月12日的一周，有1,419名移民抵達西班牙，抵達義大利的有359人，希臘的有527人。

 

But the sea crossing to Spain, through the narrow straits of Gibraltar, is more dangerous than other passages, because of strong currents where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic.

 

不過，渡海抵達西班牙─穿越狹窄的直布羅陀海峽，因會遭遇地中海與大西洋交會處的強大海流，比其他路線都來得危險。

 

Through June, 294 migrants drowned in the western Mediterranean, compared with 224 in all of 2017 in that area.

 

今年截至6月底，已有294名移民在地中海西部溺斃，而2017年一整年才224人。

 

That has made trying to breach Ceuta’s heavily guarded fence an increasingly attractive proposition, a way to enter Spain without crossing the water. On any given day, young migrant men can be seen prowling on the Moroccan side, looking for an opportunity.

 

這使得設法突破西屋達高戒備圍籬的選擇，變得越來越有吸引力，它是進入西班牙的途徑之一，但不必飄洋過海。 任何一天，在摩洛哥的一方，都可看到年輕的移民男子徘徊，尋找機會。

 

As often happens, successful tries are made by what locals call “mobbing,” when hundreds of migrants surge over the fence in a large group. Salif’s group came on June 6, when 400 young men began climbing the fence at sunrise.

 

這是常見的情景，移民透過當地人所說的「圍攻法」，也就是數百人集體朝圍籬一擁而上，最後有人成功入境。沙利夫的這一團人是在6月6日行動，有400名年輕人於日出時分開始攀爬圍籬。

 

Two were seriously injured on the barbed wire, and hospitalized in Ceuta. Eight, including Salif, managed to get over, and were then allowed to stay in a reception center in Ceuta, awaiting transfer to the mainland.

 

其中兩人因帶刺鐵絲網而受重傷，在西屋達住院治療。包括沙利夫在內的八人翻牆成功，獲准留在西屋達的接待中心，等待移送本土。

 

There, they can apply for asylum, a process that can take many months or even years. Most will be turned down, and the deportation process is slow and difficult.

 

到了本土，他們可以申請庇護，這個過程可能費時數月甚至數年。大多數人會被打回票，但遣返過程緩慢且困難。

 

While people often do get hurt trying to pierce the fence, deaths are rare.

 

雖然經常有人在試圖穿越圍籬時受傷，但死的很少。

 

“All of Africa is here,” said Salif, ticking off migrants he has met from Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal — and even some from Bangladesh and Pakistan.

 

沙利夫說：「非洲人全在這兒。」接著他點名遇見安哥拉、貝寧、布吉納法索、象牙海岸、奈及利亞以及塞內加爾等國的移民，甚至有些來自孟加拉、巴基斯坦。

 

And they keep coming.

 

而且他們仍接踵而至。　

 

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/331466/web/

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#526: ‘All of Africa Is Here’: Hopes of Climbing to Spain

 

For most migrants from Africa, the last stage of their trip to Europe involves some sort of perilous sea crossing. At the border in Ceuta, there is just a fence.

 

對大多數非洲移民而言，前往歐洲的最後階段涉及某種危險萬狀的渡海。但在西屋達的邊界，它僅是一牆之隔。

 

Ceuta (pronounced say-YOU-tah) is one of the two Spanish communities on the north coast of what otherwise would be Morocco, the only places where Europe has land borders with Africa.The other enclave is Melilla, farther east along the same coast.

 

西屋達是非洲北岸的兩個西班牙自治社區之一，為摩洛哥所包圍，兩地也是歐洲與非洲陸地接壤的唯二地點。另一個飛地是美利亞，在同一海岸，更向東些。

 

Here, all that separates Europe from migrants is a double fence, 20 feet high and topped with barbed wire, stretching the 4 miles across the peninsula and dividing tiny Ceuta from Morocco — plus 1,100 Spanish federal police and Guardia Civil officers, a paramilitary police force.

 

在西屋達，隔著歐洲與移民的只有兩道圍籬，圍籬頂端有帶刺鐵絲網，高20呎，橫跨半島4哩，將西屋達與摩洛哥分開，另外還有1,100名西班牙聯邦警察以及準軍事警察「西班牙國民警衛隊」的警察。

 

They patrol a crossing point that has come under growing pressure.

 

他們巡邏的一個過境點正遭受越來越大的壓力。

 

After Italy’s new government closed the door to migrants, efforts to cross into Spain have more than quadrupled in 2018, making it the No. 1 European destination for migrants from Africa.

 

義大利新政府對移民緊閉大門後，2018年，移民越界入境西班牙的嘗試增加了四倍有餘，西班牙因此成為非洲移民的頭號目的地。

 

In the week ending Aug. 12, according to the International Organization for Migration, 1,419 migrants reached Spain, compared with 359 to Italy and 527 to Greece.

 

根據國際移民組織的數據，截至8月12日的一周，有1,419名移民抵達西班牙，抵達義大利的有359人，希臘的有527人。

 

But the sea crossing to Spain, through the narrow straits of Gibraltar, is more dangerous than other passages, because of strong currents where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic.

 

不過，渡海抵達西班牙─穿越狹窄的直布羅陀海峽，因會遭遇地中海與大西洋交會處的強大海流，比其他路線都來得危險。

 

Through June, 294 migrants drowned in the western Mediterranean, compared with 224 in all of 2017 in that area.

 

今年截至6月底，已有294名移民在地中海西部溺斃，而2017年一整年才224人。

 

That has made trying to breach Ceuta’s heavily guarded fence an increasingly attractive proposition, a way to enter Spain without crossing the water. On any given day, young migrant men can be seen prowling on the Moroccan side, looking for an opportunity.

 

這使得設法突破西屋達高戒備圍籬的選擇，變得越來越有吸引力，它是進入西班牙的途徑之一，但不必飄洋過海。 任何一天，在摩洛哥的一方，都可看到年輕的移民男子徘徊，尋找機會。

 

As often happens, successful tries are made by what locals call “mobbing,” when hundreds of migrants surge over the fence in a large group. Salif’s group came on June 6, when 400 young men began climbing the fence at sunrise.

 

這是常見的情景，移民透過當地人所說的「圍攻法」，也就是數百人集體朝圍籬一擁而上，最後有人成功入境。沙利夫的這一團人是在6月6日行動，有400名年輕人於日出時分開始攀爬圍籬。

 

Two were seriously injured on the barbed wire, and hospitalized in Ceuta. Eight, including Salif, managed to get over, and were then allowed to stay in a reception center in Ceuta, awaiting transfer to the mainland.

 

其中兩人因帶刺鐵絲網而受重傷，在西屋達住院治療。包括沙利夫在內的八人翻牆成功，獲准留在西屋達的接待中心，等待移送本土。

 

There, they can apply for asylum, a process that can take many months or even years. Most will be turned down, and the deportation process is slow and difficult.

 

到了本土，他們可以申請庇護，這個過程可能費時數月甚至數年。大多數人會被打回票，但遣返過程緩慢且困難。

 

While people often do get hurt trying to pierce the fence, deaths are rare.

 

雖然經常有人在試圖穿越圍籬時受傷，但死的很少。

 

“All of Africa is here,” said Salif, ticking off migrants he has met from Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal — and even some from Bangladesh and Pakistan.

 

沙利夫說：「非洲人全在這兒。」接著他點名遇見安哥拉、貝寧、布吉納法索、象牙海岸、奈及利亞以及塞內加爾等國的移民，甚至有些來自孟加拉、巴基斯坦。

 

And they keep coming.

 

而且他們仍接踵而至。　

 

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/331466/web/

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#525: Scientists make gene-edited chickens in bid to halt next pandemic

 

British scientists are developing gene-edited chickens designed to be totally resistant to flu in a new approach trying to stop the next deadly human pandemic. The first of the transgenic chicks will be hatched later this year at the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, said Wendy Barclay, a professor of virology at Imperial College London who is co-leading the project.

 

英國科學家正在著手研發基因編輯雞隻，使其能完全抵抗流感，試圖藉由這條新的途徑，遏止下一波致命的人類流感發生大規模流行。這份研究的共同主持人、倫敦帝國學院的病毒學教授溫蒂‧巴克雷表示，第一批基因轉殖雞隻將於今年稍後在蘇格蘭愛丁堡大學的羅斯林研究所孵化。

 

The birds’ DNA has been altered using a new gene editing technology known as CRISPR, short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat.” In this case the “edits” are to remove parts of a protein on which the flu virus normally depends, making the chickens totally flu-resistant. The idea is to generate poultry that cannot get flu and would form a “buffer between wild birds and humans,” Barclay said.

 

科學家運用新的基因編輯科技，稱為「群聚且有規律間隔的短回文重複序列」，改變雞隻的DNA。在這項實驗中，「編輯」的目的在於去除流感病毒通常會仰賴的蛋白質部分，讓雞隻可以完全抵抗流感。巴克雷指出，該研究的構想是製造出不會罹患流感的家禽，進而形成「野鳥和人類間的緩衝帶」。

 

Global health and infectious disease specialists cite the threat of a human flu pandemic as one of their biggest concerns. The death toll in the last flu pandemic in 2009/10 — caused by the H1N1 strain and considered to be relatively mild — was around half a million people worldwide. The historic 1918 Spanish flu killed around 50 million people.

 

全球健康與傳染性疾病專家都指出，人類流感引發大規模流行的疫情威脅，是他們最擔憂的問題之一。前一次大規模流感疫情發生於二○○九年到二○一○年間，肇因於H1N1病毒株，雖被認為強度相對溫和，全球死亡人數卻高達五十萬人。歷史性的一九一八年「西班牙流感」更奪走五千萬條性命。

 

The greatest fear now is that a deadly strain could jump from wild birds via poultry into humans, and then mutate into a pandemic airborne form that can pass easily between people. “If we could prevent influenza virus crossing from wild birds into chickens, we would stop the next pandemic at source,” said Barclay.

 

今日最大的恐懼在於，致命的病毒株可能會透過家禽從野鳥傳到人類體內，隨後再突變成為可藉空氣傳播的型態、能輕易由人傳人，進而引發大規模流行疫情。巴克雷表示：「如果我們可以防止流感病毒從野鳥傳到雞隻上，那就會從源頭遏止下一波大規模流感發生。」

 

In research published in 2016 in the journal Nature, Barclay’s team found that a gene present in chickens called ANP32 encodes a protein that all flu viruses depend on to infect a host. Laboratory tests of cells engineered to lack the gene showed they cannot be infected with flu.

 

在二○一六年發表於期刊《自然》的研究中，巴克雷的團隊發現，雞隻帶有一個名為ANP32的基因，所有流感病毒都仰賴該基因編碼的一種蛋白質，才能感染宿主。實驗室的試驗結果顯示，經過基因工程改造、缺乏該基因的細胞不會受到流感感染。

 

Teaming up scientists at the Roslin, Barclay said the plan is to use CRISPR to edit the chicks’ DNA so that only one part of the key protein is changed, leaving the rest of the bird exactly the same, genetically, as it was before. “We have identified the smallest change that will stop the virus in its tracks,” she said.

 

巴克雷和羅斯林研究所的科學家合作，她指出這次研究的計畫是運用「群聚且有規律間隔的短回文重複序列」技術來編輯雛雞的DNA，讓關鍵蛋白質只有一個部分受到改變，而雞隻其他部分──基因上來說──都保持原狀。巴克雷表示：「我們已經確認出抑制病毒發展的最小變動。」

 

Roslin Institute scientists gained fame in 1996 as creators of “Dolly the sheep,” the world’s first cloned animal. They have also created gene-edited pigs to make them resistant to a virus. Barclay said one of the biggest hurdles to this approach would be poultry producers’ concerns about public acceptance. “People eat food from farmed animals that have been altered by decades of traditional breeding,” she said. “But they might be nervous about eating gene edited food.”

 

一九九六年，羅斯林研究所的科學家因為創造出全球首例複製動物「綿羊桃莉」而聲名大噪。他們也曾製造出基因編輯的豬隻，使其能夠抵抗某種病毒。巴克雷指出，這項新方法最大的挑戰之一，在於家禽業者對於大眾接受度的擔憂。「人們吃下肚的食物來自養殖的動物，牠們早已被數十年來的傳統繁殖方式改變。」巴克雷說：「但人們可能會對食用基因編輯的食物感到緊張不安。」

 

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/01/27/2003708692/2

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#525: Scientists make gene-edited chickens in bid to halt next pandemic

 

British scientists are developing gene-edited chickens designed to be totally resistant to flu in a new approach trying to stop the next deadly human pandemic. The first of the transgenic chicks will be hatched later this year at the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, said Wendy Barclay, a professor of virology at Imperial College London who is co-leading the project.

 

英國科學家正在著手研發基因編輯雞隻，使其能完全抵抗流感，試圖藉由這條新的途徑，遏止下一波致命的人類流感發生大規模流行。這份研究的共同主持人、倫敦帝國學院的病毒學教授溫蒂‧巴克雷表示，第一批基因轉殖雞隻將於今年稍後在蘇格蘭愛丁堡大學的羅斯林研究所孵化。

 

The birds’ DNA has been altered using a new gene editing technology known as CRISPR, short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat.” In this case the “edits” are to remove parts of a protein on which the flu virus normally depends, making the chickens totally flu-resistant. The idea is to generate poultry that cannot get flu and would form a “buffer between wild birds and humans,” Barclay said.

 

科學家運用新的基因編輯科技，稱為「群聚且有規律間隔的短回文重複序列」，改變雞隻的DNA。在這項實驗中，「編輯」的目的在於去除流感病毒通常會仰賴的蛋白質部分，讓雞隻可以完全抵抗流感。巴克雷指出，該研究的構想是製造出不會罹患流感的家禽，進而形成「野鳥和人類間的緩衝帶」。

 

Global health and infectious disease specialists cite the threat of a human flu pandemic as one of their biggest concerns. The death toll in the last flu pandemic in 2009/10 — caused by the H1N1 strain and considered to be relatively mild — was around half a million people worldwide. The historic 1918 Spanish flu killed around 50 million people.

 

全球健康與傳染性疾病專家都指出，人類流感引發大規模流行的疫情威脅，是他們最擔憂的問題之一。前一次大規模流感疫情發生於二○○九年到二○一○年間，肇因於H1N1病毒株，雖被認為強度相對溫和，全球死亡人數卻高達五十萬人。歷史性的一九一八年「西班牙流感」更奪走五千萬條性命。

 

The greatest fear now is that a deadly strain could jump from wild birds via poultry into humans, and then mutate into a pandemic airborne form that can pass easily between people. “If we could prevent influenza virus crossing from wild birds into chickens, we would stop the next pandemic at source,” said Barclay.

 

今日最大的恐懼在於，致命的病毒株可能會透過家禽從野鳥傳到人類體內，隨後再突變成為可藉空氣傳播的型態、能輕易由人傳人，進而引發大規模流行疫情。巴克雷表示：「如果我們可以防止流感病毒從野鳥傳到雞隻上，那就會從源頭遏止下一波大規模流感發生。」

 

In research published in 2016 in the journal Nature, Barclay’s team found that a gene present in chickens called ANP32 encodes a protein that all flu viruses depend on to infect a host. Laboratory tests of cells engineered to lack the gene showed they cannot be infected with flu.

 

在二○一六年發表於期刊《自然》的研究中，巴克雷的團隊發現，雞隻帶有一個名為ANP32的基因，所有流感病毒都仰賴該基因編碼的一種蛋白質，才能感染宿主。實驗室的試驗結果顯示，經過基因工程改造、缺乏該基因的細胞不會受到流感感染。

 

Teaming up scientists at the Roslin, Barclay said the plan is to use CRISPR to edit the chicks’ DNA so that only one part of the key protein is changed, leaving the rest of the bird exactly the same, genetically, as it was before. “We have identified the smallest change that will stop the virus in its tracks,” she said.

 

巴克雷和羅斯林研究所的科學家合作，她指出這次研究的計畫是運用「群聚且有規律間隔的短回文重複序列」技術來編輯雛雞的DNA，讓關鍵蛋白質只有一個部分受到改變，而雞隻其他部分──基因上來說──都保持原狀。巴克雷表示：「我們已經確認出抑制病毒發展的最小變動。」

 

Roslin Institute scientists gained fame in 1996 as creators of “Dolly the sheep,” the world’s first cloned animal. They have also created gene-edited pigs to make them resistant to a virus. Barclay said one of the biggest hurdles to this approach would be poultry producers’ concerns about public acceptance. “People eat food from farmed animals that have been altered by decades of traditional breeding,” she said. “But they might be nervous about eating gene edited food.”

 

一九九六年，羅斯林研究所的科學家因為創造出全球首例複製動物「綿羊桃莉」而聲名大噪。他們也曾製造出基因編輯的豬隻，使其能夠抵抗某種病毒。巴克雷指出，這項新方法最大的挑戰之一，在於家禽業者對於大眾接受度的擔憂。「人們吃下肚的食物來自養殖的動物，牠們早已被數十年來的傳統繁殖方式改變。」巴克雷說：「但人們可能會對食用基因編輯的食物感到緊張不安。」

 

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/01/27/2003708692/2

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#524: Athletes Don’t Own Their Tattoos. That’s a Problem for Video Game Developers

 

Athletes Don’t Own Their Tattoos 運動員身上刺青不是自己的

 

When LeBron James bounds down a basketball court, he is both a transcendent athlete and a prominent palette for dozens of tattoos. His mother’s name, Gloria, rests on a crown on his right shoulder and his forearms bear a portrait of his son LeBron Jr. and 330, an area code for his hometown, Akron, Ohio.

 

當球星詹姆斯（詹皇）奔騰於球場時，他既是個超群的運動員，也是塊吸睛的刺青展示板。他母親的名字葛洛莉亞出現在他右肩的皇冠刺青上，而他左右前臂上則刺有兒子詹姆斯二世的肖像，以及330——他的家鄉俄亥俄州阿克隆市的區碼。

 

Although those tattoos have personal connections, they may not truly be his.

 

雖說這些刺青全和他個人有關，卻不一定真為他所有。

 

Any creative illustration “fixed in a tangible medium” is eligible for copyright, and, according to the U.S. Copyright Office, that includes the ink displayed on someone’s skin. What many people don’t realize, legal experts said, is that the copyright is inherently owned by the tattoo artist, not the person with the tattoos.

 

任何「固著於有形實體上的」創作圖文，都可享有著作權。根據美國著作權局的說法，這包括展示於某人身上的刺青。法律專家說，許多人不知道的是，刺青的著作權當然屬於施作刺青的藝師，而非被刺青者。

 

For most people, that is not a cause for concern. Lawyers generally agree that an implied license allows people to freely display their tattoos in public, including on television broadcasts or magazine covers. But when tattoos are digitally re-created on avatars in sports video games, copyright infringement can become an issue.

 

絕大部分的人不須擔心這一點。律師們基本上都同意，刺青藝師默許人們在公共場合自由展示身上的刺青，包括在電視播放中和雜誌封面上。但當這些刺青經數位重造出現在電玩遊戲中的運動員替身上時，就可能有侵權問題。

 

“Video games are an entirely new area,” said Michael A. Kahn, a copyright lawyer who represented the designer of the face tattoo on boxer Mike Tyson. “There is LeBron James, but it’s not LeBron James. It’s a cartoon version of him.”

 

「電玩是個全新的領域。」版權律師康恩說，「這既是詹姆斯，又不是詹姆斯。這是卡通版本的他。」康恩是拳王泰森臉上刺青設計者的代理人。

 

Electronic Arts, a game developer and publisher, re-creates more than 100 tattoos in its FIFA and UFC games, including the colorful sleeve on the right arm of soccer star Lionel Messi and a heart-eating gorilla on the chest of fighter Conor McGregor. Yet only a handful of players in its Madden football games are depicted with their real-life ink.

 

美商藝電是電玩的開發兼發行業者，在旗下的國際足盟大賽系列和綜合格鬥技系列遊戲裡，重現了超過一百個刺青，包括球星梅西的全幅右臂刺青，和格鬥選手麥葛瑞格胸膛上那叼著紅心的猩猩刺青。但僅有少數選手的刺青，被原樣重現在勁爆美式足球的系列遊戲裡。

 

Spokesmen for Electronic Arts did not respond to requests for comment. The company faced a copyright infringement lawsuit after the cover of the game NFL Street included an illustration of running back Ricky Williams and some of his tattoos, but the artist withdrew his claim in 2013.

 

對於媒體的詢問，美商藝電的發言人並未回應。這間公司曾吃上侵權官司，因為在電玩街頭橄欖球的封面上秀出了美式足球跑衛瑞奇威廉斯的身影，以及他的一些刺青，不過刺青師已在二○一三年撤告。

 

Players’ unions, many of which license the players’ likenesses to video game publishers, and sports agents have advised athletes to secure licensing agreements before they get tattooed. Artists have an incentive to sign rather than pass up a client who could be a billboard for their work.

 

許多運動員工會裡會將運動員的肖像樣貌授權給電玩發行商，運動員的工會與經紀人建議選手們，在刺青前先和刺青師簽下授權合約。刺青師通常都會願意簽，免得丟失了日後可能成為自己作品活廣告的客戶。

 

Gotti Flores said he has spent at least 40 hours tattooing NFL receiver Mike Evans, one of the few players with tattoos in Madden. He was surprised, he said, that he had to give permission for his work to be reproduced in the game.

 

刺青師佛羅雷斯說，他已經花了四十多個小時替美式足球外接員伊凡斯刺青。伊凡斯是極少數在電玩勁爆美式足球系列裡身上有刺青的球員之一。對於自己的作品在遊戲裡出現還得經過自己同意，佛羅雷斯頗感意外。

 

“Really, it didn’t even matter to me,” said Flores, who signed a waiver for no compensation. “It was dope to have my tattoos on there.”

 

「說真的，我不在乎。」佛羅雷斯無償簽下了授權證書，並說道：「可以在電玩裡看到我的刺青酷爆了！」

 

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/336341/web/

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#524: Athletes Don’t Own Their Tattoos. That’s a Problem for Video Game Developers

 

Athletes Don’t Own Their Tattoos 運動員身上刺青不是自己的

 

When LeBron James bounds down a basketball court, he is both a transcendent athlete and a prominent palette for dozens of tattoos. His mother’s name, Gloria, rests on a crown on his right shoulder and his forearms bear a portrait of his son LeBron Jr. and 330, an area code for his hometown, Akron, Ohio.

 

當球星詹姆斯（詹皇）奔騰於球場時，他既是個超群的運動員，也是塊吸睛的刺青展示板。他母親的名字葛洛莉亞出現在他右肩的皇冠刺青上，而他左右前臂上則刺有兒子詹姆斯二世的肖像，以及330——他的家鄉俄亥俄州阿克隆市的區碼。

 

Although those tattoos have personal connections, they may not truly be his.

 

雖說這些刺青全和他個人有關，卻不一定真為他所有。

 

Any creative illustration “fixed in a tangible medium” is eligible for copyright, and, according to the U.S. Copyright Office, that includes the ink displayed on someone’s skin. What many people don’t realize, legal experts said, is that the copyright is inherently owned by the tattoo artist, not the person with the tattoos.

 

任何「固著於有形實體上的」創作圖文，都可享有著作權。根據美國著作權局的說法，這包括展示於某人身上的刺青。法律專家說，許多人不知道的是，刺青的著作權當然屬於施作刺青的藝師，而非被刺青者。

 

For most people, that is not a cause for concern. Lawyers generally agree that an implied license allows people to freely display their tattoos in public, including on television broadcasts or magazine covers. But when tattoos are digitally re-created on avatars in sports video games, copyright infringement can become an issue.

 

絕大部分的人不須擔心這一點。律師們基本上都同意，刺青藝師默許人們在公共場合自由展示身上的刺青，包括在電視播放中和雜誌封面上。但當這些刺青經數位重造出現在電玩遊戲中的運動員替身上時，就可能有侵權問題。

 

“Video games are an entirely new area,” said Michael A. Kahn, a copyright lawyer who represented the designer of the face tattoo on boxer Mike Tyson. “There is LeBron James, but it’s not LeBron James. It’s a cartoon version of him.”

 

「電玩是個全新的領域。」版權律師康恩說，「這既是詹姆斯，又不是詹姆斯。這是卡通版本的他。」康恩是拳王泰森臉上刺青設計者的代理人。

 

Electronic Arts, a game developer and publisher, re-creates more than 100 tattoos in its FIFA and UFC games, including the colorful sleeve on the right arm of soccer star Lionel Messi and a heart-eating gorilla on the chest of fighter Conor McGregor. Yet only a handful of players in its Madden football games are depicted with their real-life ink.

 

美商藝電是電玩的開發兼發行業者，在旗下的國際足盟大賽系列和綜合格鬥技系列遊戲裡，重現了超過一百個刺青，包括球星梅西的全幅右臂刺青，和格鬥選手麥葛瑞格胸膛上那叼著紅心的猩猩刺青。但僅有少數選手的刺青，被原樣重現在勁爆美式足球的系列遊戲裡。

 

Spokesmen for Electronic Arts did not respond to requests for comment. The company faced a copyright infringement lawsuit after the cover of the game NFL Street included an illustration of running back Ricky Williams and some of his tattoos, but the artist withdrew his claim in 2013.

 

對於媒體的詢問，美商藝電的發言人並未回應。這間公司曾吃上侵權官司，因為在電玩街頭橄欖球的封面上秀出了美式足球跑衛瑞奇威廉斯的身影，以及他的一些刺青，不過刺青師已在二○一三年撤告。

 

Players’ unions, many of which license the players’ likenesses to video game publishers, and sports agents have advised athletes to secure licensing agreements before they get tattooed. Artists have an incentive to sign rather than pass up a client who could be a billboard for their work.

 

許多運動員工會裡會將運動員的肖像樣貌授權給電玩發行商，運動員的工會與經紀人建議選手們，在刺青前先和刺青師簽下授權合約。刺青師通常都會願意簽，免得丟失了日後可能成為自己作品活廣告的客戶。

 

Gotti Flores said he has spent at least 40 hours tattooing NFL receiver Mike Evans, one of the few players with tattoos in Madden. He was surprised, he said, that he had to give permission for his work to be reproduced in the game.

 

刺青師佛羅雷斯說，他已經花了四十多個小時替美式足球外接員伊凡斯刺青。伊凡斯是極少數在電玩勁爆美式足球系列裡身上有刺青的球員之一。對於自己的作品在遊戲裡出現還得經過自己同意，佛羅雷斯頗感意外。

 

“Really, it didn’t even matter to me,” said Flores, who signed a waiver for no compensation. “It was dope to have my tattoos on there.”

 

「說真的，我不在乎。」佛羅雷斯無償簽下了授權證書，並說道：「可以在電玩裡看到我的刺青酷爆了！」

 

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/336341/web/

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#523: Older people are more likely to share fake news

 

Facebook users aged 65 plus are more likely to share fake news on the platform than their younger counterparts, according to a new study.

 

一項新研究指出，65歲以上的臉書用戶，比年輕用戶更可能在該平台分享假新聞。

 

During the 2016 US presidential campaign, researchers from Princeton University and New York University surveyed over 2,711 Facebook users. They then compared links the respondents had shared on Facebook with several websites known to share false information.

 

在2016年美國總統大選期間，普林斯頓大學與紐約大學研究人員調查逾2711名臉書用戶。之後，他們將受試者的臉書分享連結，與多個以分享錯誤訊息聞名的網站做比對。

 

The study found only 8.5 per cent of respondents shared a link from one of these websites. However, users over 65 - regardless of political affiliations - shared nearly seven times as many articles from fake news domains as 18 to 29-year-olds, the youngest age group studied.

 

研究發現，只有8.5％的受試者分享這些網站連結。然而，65歲以上的臉書用戶，無論政治立場為何，從假新聞網域分享文章的數量，是研究中最年輕族群18至29歲用戶的近7倍。

 

"It is possible that an entire cohort of Americans, now in their 60s and beyond, lacks the level of digital media literacy necessary to reliably determine the trustworthiness of news online," the authors suggested.

 

作者指出：「可能是美國現在整個60歲以上年齡層人士，缺乏必要的數位媒體識讀能力，得以可靠地判斷網路新聞的可信度。」

 

Source article: http://iservice.ltn.com.tw/Service/english/english.php?engno=1261423&day=2019-01-15

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#523: Older people are more likely to share fake news

 

Facebook users aged 65 plus are more likely to share fake news on the platform than their younger counterparts, according to a new study.

 

一項新研究指出，65歲以上的臉書用戶，比年輕用戶更可能在該平台分享假新聞。

 

During the 2016 US presidential campaign, researchers from Princeton University and New York University surveyed over 2,711 Facebook users. They then compared links the respondents had shared on Facebook with several websites known to share false information.

 

在2016年美國總統大選期間，普林斯頓大學與紐約大學研究人員調查逾2711名臉書用戶。之後，他們將受試者的臉書分享連結，與多個以分享錯誤訊息聞名的網站做比對。

 

The study found only 8.5 per cent of respondents shared a link from one of these websites. However, users over 65 - regardless of political affiliations - shared nearly seven times as many articles from fake news domains as 18 to 29-year-olds, the youngest age group studied.

 

研究發現，只有8.5％的受試者分享這些網站連結。然而，65歲以上的臉書用戶，無論政治立場為何，從假新聞網域分享文章的數量，是研究中最年輕族群18至29歲用戶的近7倍。

 

"It is possible that an entire cohort of Americans, now in their 60s and beyond, lacks the level of digital media literacy necessary to reliably determine the trustworthiness of news online," the authors suggested.

 

作者指出：「可能是美國現在整個60歲以上年齡層人士，缺乏必要的數位媒體識讀能力，得以可靠地判斷網路新聞的可信度。」

 

Source article: http://iservice.ltn.com.tw/Service/english/english.php?engno=1261423&day=2019-01-15

 

更多跟讀練習單元，就在http://www.15mins.today/15mins-today

每日跟讀#522: Farming insects may solve one problem but create others, scientists warn

 

Insects have great potential as an alternative source of protein, but further research is urgently needed before mass production begins in order to avoid environment disaster, Swedish researchers warned Monday.

 

昆蟲雖然具有極大潛力作為蛋白質的替代來源，不過數名瑞典科學家於週一提出警告，指出大量生產昆蟲開始前亟需進一步研究，以免造成環境浩劫。

 

There is currently an “overwhelming lack of knowledge” on basic questions such as suitable species, housing and feed requirements, waste management and how to ensure escaping insects do not wreak havoc on the ecosystem, they said. Unless such issues are studied and discussed in a critical manner, “we risk creating an industry that replaces one environmental problem with another,” they wrote in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

 

科學家表示，目前人類對許多基本問題，例如適合的種類、飼養環境與飼料需求、處理排遺、確保逃脫昆蟲不會造成生態系大亂等面向，都「極度地缺乏相關知識」。在期刊《生態學及演化學趨勢》中，他們寫到，除非這類議題受到批判性的研究和討論，否則「我們恐怕會創造出一個用新的環境問題取代舊問題的產業。」

 

Globally, growing demand for animal protein has led to expanded cultivation of soybeans to feed livestock and poultry, but critics say the system is unsustainable and leads to deforestation and overuse of farm chemicals. Nutritionists and scientists have been touting insects as a sustainable and cheap source of protein to feed a growing world because they are high in protein, vitamins, fiber and minerals.

 

隨著全球對動物性蛋白質的需求持續成長，導致餵養家畜和家禽所需的大豆種植面積不斷擴張。不少論者指出，這樣的生態系統將無法永續發展，還會造成森林砍伐和過度使用農業化學物質等問題。近年來，營養學者和不少科學家開始宣揚昆蟲可作為蛋白質來源，既能夠永續發展又價格便宜，足以餵養人口不斷成長的世界，因為昆蟲含有大量的蛋白質、維生素、纖維和礦物質。

 

Insects emit fewer greenhouse gases and less ammonia than cattle or pigs and require significantly less land and water than cattle, according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). More than 1,900 species of insects are edible, according to the FAO. Businesses are already jumping into the sector, producing burgers made of buffalo worms, sweet potato soup made with bugs, grubs as pet food and DIY insect farms.

 

根據聯合國糧食及農業組織的資料顯示，昆蟲排放的溫室氣體和氨氣比起牛或豬隻還來得少，需要的土地面積和水更比牛少非常多。根據該組織的資料，可食用的昆蟲超過一千九百種。許多公司已投入該產業，包括用水牛蠕蟲做出漢堡、將蟲蟲加入地瓜濃湯，或是將蠐螬（金龜子幼蟲）當成寵物食品，以及自製昆蟲養殖場等商品。

 

However, “the future environmental impact of the mass rearing of insects is largely unknown,” said the Swedish scientists. “How do you produce the feed they eat, where do you produce it, what do you use? There are so many questions,” said Asa Berggren, a conservation biologist at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and the paper’s co-author. “Are we going to use fossil fuels for heating and cooling the facilities (where insects are grown)? What about transportation?” she said to the Thomson Reuters Foundation via phone.

 

不過，幾位瑞典科學家卻指出：「大量飼養昆蟲在未來引起的環境衝擊仍然是巨大的未知數。」瑞典農業科學大學的保育生物學家阿薩‧柏格倫是該研究的共同作者，她表示：「人類要如何、在哪裡、用什麼製造餵昆蟲的飼料呢？有太多問題需要解答。」在接受湯森路透基金會的電訪中，柏格倫問到：「我們要用石油燃料來幫（飼養昆蟲的）設備加溫和冷卻嗎？還有運送問題要怎麼辦？」

 

“One of the biggest threats to both natural systems and production systems the world over is invasive species. What happens if insects are accidentally released in a country to which they are imported? Insects are tiny and they get out,” Berggren said. “We don’t believe it’s good enough to just switch from some species to another,” she said.

 

柏格倫指出：「對於世界各地的自然系統和生產系統而言，最大的威脅之一就是入侵物種。萬一昆蟲在進口的國家意外地被釋放出來，那會發生什麼事？昆蟲這麼小，很容易跑出來。」她表示：「我們不認為單純更換（蛋白質攝取來源）的物種就是夠好的解決方案。」

 

Other outstanding questions include whether reared insects who fall sick risk transmitting diseases to consumers, how their waste is disposed of and how animal welfare should be measured in insects, the researchers said. Further research is also important, Berggren said, because “there could be a lot of insects that could be very good for us to eat but no one knows because no one has looked at that.”

 

學者們指出，其他懸而未決的問題還包括：養殖的昆蟲萬一染病，是否會有傳染疾病給人類的風險，昆蟲排遺又該如何處理，以及該如何忖度昆蟲的動物福利。進一步的研究也是至關重要的，柏格倫說，因為「可能還有許多昆蟲適合人類食用，但卻沒有人知道，因為還沒有人仔細探討過這個議題。」

 

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/01/20/2003708249/2

 

更多跟讀單元就在www.15mins.today

每日跟讀#522: Farming insects may solve one problem but create others, scientists warn

 

Insects have great potential as an alternative source of protein, but further research is urgently needed before mass production begins in order to avoid environment disaster, Swedish researchers warned Monday.

 

昆蟲雖然具有極大潛力作為蛋白質的替代來源，不過數名瑞典科學家於週一提出警告，指出大量生產昆蟲開始前亟需進一步研究，以免造成環境浩劫。

 

There is currently an “overwhelming lack of knowledge” on basic questions such as suitable species, housing and feed requirements, waste management and how to ensure escaping insects do not wreak havoc on the ecosystem, they said. Unless such issues are studied and discussed in a critical manner, “we risk creating an industry that replaces one environmental problem with another,” they wrote in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

 

科學家表示，目前人類對許多基本問題，例如適合的種類、飼養環境與飼料需求、處理排遺、確保逃脫昆蟲不會造成生態系大亂等面向，都「極度地缺乏相關知識」。在期刊《生態學及演化學趨勢》中，他們寫到，除非這類議題受到批判性的研究和討論，否則「我們恐怕會創造出一個用新的環境問題取代舊問題的產業。」

 

Globally, growing demand for animal protein has led to expanded cultivation of soybeans to feed livestock and poultry, but critics say the system is unsustainable and leads to deforestation and overuse of farm chemicals. Nutritionists and scientists have been touting insects as a sustainable and cheap source of protein to feed a growing world because they are high in protein, vitamins, fiber and minerals.

 

隨著全球對動物性蛋白質的需求持續成長，導致餵養家畜和家禽所需的大豆種植面積不斷擴張。不少論者指出，這樣的生態系統將無法永續發展，還會造成森林砍伐和過度使用農業化學物質等問題。近年來，營養學者和不少科學家開始宣揚昆蟲可作為蛋白質來源，既能夠永續發展又價格便宜，足以餵養人口不斷成長的世界，因為昆蟲含有大量的蛋白質、維生素、纖維和礦物質。

 

Insects emit fewer greenhouse gases and less ammonia than cattle or pigs and require significantly less land and water than cattle, according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). More than 1,900 species of insects are edible, according to the FAO. Businesses are already jumping into the sector, producing burgers made of buffalo worms, sweet potato soup made with bugs, grubs as pet food and DIY insect farms.

 

根據聯合國糧食及農業組織的資料顯示，昆蟲排放的溫室氣體和氨氣比起牛或豬隻還來得少，需要的土地面積和水更比牛少非常多。根據該組織的資料，可食用的昆蟲超過一千九百種。許多公司已投入該產業，包括用水牛蠕蟲做出漢堡、將蟲蟲加入地瓜濃湯，或是將蠐螬（金龜子幼蟲）當成寵物食品，以及自製昆蟲養殖場等商品。

 

However, “the future environmental impact of the mass rearing of insects is largely unknown,” said the Swedish scientists. “How do you produce the feed they eat, where do you produce it, what do you use? There are so many questions,” said Asa Berggren, a conservation biologist at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and the paper’s co-author. “Are we going to use fossil fuels for heating and cooling the facilities (where insects are grown)? What about transportation?” she said to the Thomson Reuters Foundation via phone.

 

不過，幾位瑞典科學家卻指出：「大量飼養昆蟲在未來引起的環境衝擊仍然是巨大的未知數。」瑞典農業科學大學的保育生物學家阿薩‧柏格倫是該研究的共同作者，她表示：「人類要如何、在哪裡、用什麼製造餵昆蟲的飼料呢？有太多問題需要解答。」在接受湯森路透基金會的電訪中，柏格倫問到：「我們要用石油燃料來幫（飼養昆蟲的）設備加溫和冷卻嗎？還有運送問題要怎麼辦？」

 

“One of the biggest threats to both natural systems and production systems the world over is invasive species. What happens if insects are accidentally released in a country to which they are imported? Insects are tiny and they get out,” Berggren said. “We don’t believe it’s good enough to just switch from some species to another,” she said.

 

柏格倫指出：「對於世界各地的自然系統和生產系統而言，最大的威脅之一就是入侵物種。萬一昆蟲在進口的國家意外地被釋放出來，那會發生什麼事？昆蟲這麼小，很容易跑出來。」她表示：「我們不認為單純更換（蛋白質攝取來源）的物種就是夠好的解決方案。」

 

Other outstanding questions include whether reared insects who fall sick risk transmitting diseases to consumers, how their waste is disposed of and how animal welfare should be measured in insects, the researchers said. Further research is also important, Berggren said, because “there could be a lot of insects that could be very good for us to eat but no one knows because no one has looked at that.”

 

學者們指出，其他懸而未決的問題還包括：養殖的昆蟲萬一染病，是否會有傳染疾病給人類的風險，昆蟲排遺又該如何處理，以及該如何忖度昆蟲的動物福利。進一步的研究也是至關重要的，柏格倫說，因為「可能還有許多昆蟲適合人類食用，但卻沒有人知道，因為還沒有人仔細探討過這個議題。」

 

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/01/20/2003708249/2

 

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