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We begin the episode with the absolutely ingenious and surprising way in which Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion.
People sometimes say that AI will make especially fast progress at scientific discovery because of tight verification loops.
But the story of how we discovered the shape of our solar system shows how the verification loop for correct ideas can be decades (or even millennia) long.
During this time, what we know today as the better theory can actually make worse predictions.
And the reasons it survives this epistemic hell is some mixture of judgment and heuristics that we don’t even understand well enough to actually articulate, much less codify into an RL loop. Hope you enjoy!
Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.
Sponsors
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Timestamps
(00:00:00) – Kepler was a high temperature LLM
(00:11:44) – How would we know if there’s a new unifying concept within heaps of AI slop?
(00:26:10) – The deductive overhang
(00:30:31) – Selection bias in reported AI discoveries
(00:46:43) – AI makes papers richer and broader, but not deeper
(00:53:00) – If AI solves a problem, can humans get understanding out of it?
(00:59:20) – We need a semi-formal language for the way that scientists actually talk to each other
(01:09:48) – How Terry uses his time
(01:17:05) – Human-AI hybrids will dominate math for a lot longer
Protests, missiles, and a regime on the ropes — Iran is at a turning point. Ryan McBeth explains the forces driving one of the world's most complex crises.
Welcome to what we're calling our "Out of the Loop" episodes, where we dig a little deeper into fascinating current events that may only register as a blip on the media's news cycle and have conversations with the people who find themselves immersed in them.
Full show notes and resources can be found here: jordanharbinger.com/1297
On This Episode of Out of the Loop:
And if you're still game to support us, please leave a review here — even one sentence helps!
This Episode Is Brought To You By Our Fine Sponsors:
See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
Daisy Wolf speaks with Dr. Andrew Huberman, professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford University and host of the Huberman Lab podcast. They discuss how the pandemic sparked a consumer health revolution, the emerging peptide and GLP landscape, what the science actually says about focus drugs, and the neurotechnologies Huberman believes will let us write to our own biology within the next five years.
Resources:
Follow Andrew Huberman on X: https://twitter.com/hubermanlab
Follow Daisy Wolf on X: https://twitter.com/daisydwolf
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Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures.
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Introverts are underrated. So says Susan Cain in her conversation with EconTalk's Russ Roberts about her book, Quiet. She explains why introversion isn't the same thing as shyness and she speaks of the many benefits of solitude and silent contemplation. They also discuss why modern schools and workplaces' obsession with extroversion is problematic, and the reasons for the shift from a culture of character to our current culture of personality. Cain concludes by sharing how the book has changed her own life and helped other introverts navigate a world that can't seem to stop talking.
A Note from James:
Is he the most hated man in America? I don’t think so.
Martin Shkreli was notorious for various reasons that you’ll hear about in this episode—there are some crazy stories—but I’ve come to know Martin over the past few months as both a friend and business partner.
Let’s just hear his stories and explanations. I think you’ll agree with me that this is one of the smartest people I’ve ever had on the podcast.
Episode Description:
Martin Shkreli became one of the most controversial figures in business history—labeled “the most hated man in America,” prosecuted, imprisoned, and publicly vilified.
In this conversation, he tells his side of the story.
Part 1 focuses on how media narratives form, why conviction and risk-taking matter in entrepreneurship, and the deeper mechanics behind the pharmaceutical controversy that made him famous. He explains the economics of drug pricing, insurance systems, neglected medications, and why public perception diverged so dramatically from what patients actually experienced.
The episode also explores learning across disciplines, intellectual courage, prosecutors’ incentives, and how public scandals evolve into legal consequences.
Whether you agree with him or not, the discussion raises uncomfortable questions about business, regulation, media, and reputation.
What You’ll Learn:
Timestamped Chapters:
See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
With grocery prices skyrocketing and supply chain disruptions becoming more frequent, the average person has more and more incentive to get involved in growing their own food – but how does one even get started? For most people, the time, money, knowledge, and land remain out of reach in order to learn even the basics of agriculture. What kind of options are available for individuals who want to reclaim their food sovereignty – and subsequently become more connected with the Earth and like-minded people?
In this episode, Nate is joined by biologist and farmer Jason Bradford, to discuss his 'Farming Club,' which offers hands-on learning for ecologically based agriculture, where members also get to take home food and build a relationship with the land. Jason explains why industrial agriculture, optimized for financial returns and machine efficiency while ignoring ecological costs, makes it almost impossible to become a successful small-scale farmer in today's economy. The Farming Club's model provides a way for people to maintain their jobs while building the knowledge, skills, and community connections needed for a lower-throughput future.
How could reinvigorating farming culture provide an avenue to real skills and purpose to the next generation, especially for young men? How could the farming club model be replicated across the country, sparking small rural movements everywhere? And how could thousands of ideas and initiatives like these act as safety nets for individuals and communities as we transition to a more simplified society?
(Conversation recorded on December 4th, 2025)
About Jason Bradford:
Jason co-manages a Community Supported Agriculture program with the Organic Growers Club at Oregon State University, where he practices land stewardship methods and cultivates community rooted in ecologically-based agricultural practices. Prior to his switch to agriculture, he was a research biologist studying evolution, ecology, and global change.
Additionally, Jason has been affiliated with the Post Carbon Institute since 2004, first as a Fellow and then as Board President. He is currently a co-host of the Crazy Town podcast, as well as a writer for Resilience.org. Additionally, in 2019, he authored The Future is Rural: Food System Adaptations to the Great Simplification.
Show Notes and More
Watch this video episode on YouTube
Want to learn the broad overview of The Great Simplification in 30 minutes? Watch our Animated Movie.
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Join our Hylo channel and connect with other listeners
Brian Halligan co-founded HubSpot, ran it as CEO for about 15 years, and now coaches Sequoia’s fastest-growing founders as their in-house CEO coach.
We discuss:
1. His LOCKS framework for evaluating founders
2. Why you should build your team like the 2004 Red Sox
3. Why hiring “spicy” candidates beats consensus picks
4. Why enterprise sales will be the last white-collar job AI replaces
5. Some of my favorite “Halliganisms”
—
Brought to you by:
Sentry—Code breaks, fix it faster: http://sentry.io/lenny
Datadog—Now home to Eppo, the leading experimentation and feature flagging platform: https://www.datadoghq.com/lenny
WorkOS—Modern identity platform for B2B SaaS, free up to 1 million MAUs: https://workos.com/lenny
—
Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/sequoia-ceo-coach-why-its-never-been
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Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0
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Where to find Brian Halligan
• X: https://x.com/bhalligan
• LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/brianhalligan
• Delphi: https://www.delphi.ai/bhalligan
• Podcast: https://sequoiacap.com/series/long-strange-trip
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Where to find Lenny:
• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com
• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/
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In this episode, we cover:
(00:00) Introduction to Brian Halligan
(03:56) The perpetual state of constructive dissatisfaction
(05:25) Coaching CEOs
(07:49) The art of interviewing and hiring
(11:21) Getting the most out of reference calls
(13:10) Homegrown talent vs. big company hires
(16:31) Traits of successful CEOs
(19:40) Brian’s LOCKS framework for evaluating founders
(21:34) Are great CEO’s born or made?
(23:41) Giving effective feedback
(25:54) The future of go-to-market strategies
(31:56) Understanding forward deployed engineers
(34:17) How the CEO role has evolved over the last 20 years
(38:10) Halliganisms
(01:01:18) The CEO’s role in scaling a company
(01:02:41) Lightning round and final thoughts
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Referenced:
• Dev Ittycheria on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dittycheria
• HubSpot: https://www.hubspot.com
• Parker Conrad on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/parkerconrad
• McKinsey & Company: https://www.mckinsey.com
• Brian Chesky’s new playbook: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/brian-cheskys-contrarian-approach
• Jensen Huang on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jenhsunhuang
• Winston Weinberg on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/winston-weinberg
• James Cadwallader on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jsca
• Gabriel Stengel on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gabestengel
• He saved OpenAI, invented the “Like” button, and built Google Maps: Bret Taylor on the future of careers, coding, agents, and more: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/he-saved-openai-bret-taylor
• Scaling Entrepreneurial Ventures: https://orbit.mit.edu/classes/scaling-entrepreneurial-ventures-15.392
• OpenClaw: https://openclaw.ai
• Ruth Porat on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ruth-porat
• Mike Krzyzewski: https://goduke.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/coaches/mike-krzyzewski/4159
• Dalai Lama’s 18 Rules for Living: https://www.prm.nau.edu/prm205/Dalai-Lama-18-rules-for-living.htm
• Zigging vs. zagging: How HubSpot built a $30B company | Dharmesh Shah (co-founder/CTO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/lessons-from-30-years-of-building
• Kareem Amin on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kareemamin
• Glassdoor: https://www.glassdoor.com
• Tobi Lütke’s leadership playbook: Playing infinite games, operating from first principles, and maximizing human potential (founder and CEO of Shopify): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/tobi-lutkes-leadership-playbook
• Katie Burke on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/katie-burke-965767a
• Jerry Garcia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia
• Bob Weir: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weir
• Phil Lesh: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lesh
• Ron “Pigpen” McKernan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_%22Pigpen%22_McKernan
• Marc Andreessen: The real AI boom hasn’t even started yet: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/marc-andreessen-the-real-ai-boom
• The American Revolution: https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-american-revolution
• Delphi: https://www.delphi.ai
• Sonos: https://www.sonos.com
• Yamini Rangan on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/yaminirangan
• The Boston Red Sox: https://www.mlb.com/redsox
—
Recommended book:
• Marketing Lessons from the Grateful Dead: What Every Business Can Learn from the Most Iconic Band in History: https://www.amazon.com/Marketing-Lessons-Grateful-Dead-Business/dp/0470900520
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Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email [email protected].
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Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.
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