Is Canada still a “land of opportunity,” or has your success become a function of who your parents are?

In this segment, Cara Stern and Mike Moffatt dive into the uncomfortable reality of meritocracy in Canada. While Boomers largely believe hard work still pays off, Millennials and Gen Z are seeing a different story. We break down the latest Ipsos polling data and Statistics Canada research that shows social mobility is eroding.

From the "Housing Theory of Everything" to the widening gap between equal opportunity and equal outcomes, we explore why the rules of the game have changed, and what we need to fix to make Canada fair again.

Chapters:

00:00 Introduction

00:46 Defining Meritocracy

1:12 Is Canada a Meritocracy? 

02:41 Measuring Meritocracy Income and Polls

04:23 Generational Divide in Ipsos Poll

05:54 Fairness Equal Opportunity vs Outcomes

07:15 Economists on Eroding Social Mobility

09:07 Increasing Distrust in Institutions & Distrust of Politicians

09:47 Changing Minds Understanding New Realities

11:13 Housing Crisis and Social Mobility

12:45 The Role of Effort combined with Environment

Research/links:

Generational Disconnect In Canada Ipsos Equalities Index 2025 - A 31-country Global Advisor Study

https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2025-08/generational-disconnect-in-Canada.pdf

Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility and Income Inequality in Canada

Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility and Income Inequality in Canada

International Fairness Day 2024: Canada’s commitment to fairness for every generation is more than an empty slogan – but it’s not yet a reality

https://www.if.org.uk/2024/11/18/international-fairness-day-2024-canadas-commitment-to-fairness-for-every-generation-is-more-than-an-empty-slogan-but-its-not-yet-a-reality/

A retreat from opportunity: Is the Canadian dream still alive?

https://thehub.ca/2025/11/10/deepdive-a-retreat-from-opportunity-is-the-canadian-dream-still-alive/

Intergenerational income mobility in Canada: Research highlights from two recent studies

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/36-28-0001/2023012/article/00001-eng.htm

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

In 2025, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) reported nearly 260,000 housing starts, a figure that suggests real progress on the housing crisis. But a deeper look reveals a much more complicated and concerning reality.

Most of the new supply is made up of small condos and apartments, not the family-sized homes people are looking for. Because housing starts are recorded late in the construction process, today’s data often reflects decisions made years ago, not current market conditions.

Even more concerning, pre-construction sales are falling across multiple cities. This raises serious questions about what housing supply will look like in the years ahead.

In this episode, we discuss:

• Why CMHC’s housing starts data can be misleading
• The difference between housing starts and real time market conditions
• Why Canada is building smaller homes
• The composition effect changing housing trends
• What falling pre construction sales signal for the future

Chapters:

00:00:00 Intro: The Housing Data Disconnect

00:01:06 The Problem With CMHC Housing Starts Data

00:04:06 How to Fix Misleading Housing Metrics

00:05:14 The One-Size-Fits-All Data Problem

00:05:49 Generational Shifts in Home Size

00:07:05 Reality vs Data: Smaller Homes and Composition Effects

00:08:14 The Collapse of Pre-Construction Sales

00:09:12 Future Housing Market Outlook 

Research Links

CMHC Housing Report: https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/housing-markets-data-and-research/market-reports/housing-market/housing-market-outlook 

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

Looking for a family-sized apartment in Canada feels almost impossible. In this episode, Cara Stern and Mike Moffatt explore why they’re so rare in Canadian cities and why building regulations, zoning, and outdated fire safety rules make larger units nearly impossible to construct. Restrictive codes, high costs, and policy gaps mean that families often end up squeezed into spaces that don’t meet their needs or leave cities entirely.

This shortage has shaped urban life, contributed to declining family formation in cities, and limited opportunities for young families. Are regulations really protecting people, or are they unintentionally blocking the housing Canadians need?

In this episode, we discuss:

Regulatory Barriers: How building codes and zoning prevent the creation of family-sized apartments.

Comparisons with Europe: Why families in cities like Paris and Berlin live comfortably in apartments.

Unintended Consequences: How rules meant to improve safety or quality actually reduce housing options.

Policy and Change: What it would take to create a housing system that truly supports families.

Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
00:42 Challenges Finding Family-Sized Rental Apartments
01:54 How European Families Live in City Apartments
02:46 Why European-Style Apartment Units Are Illegal Here
03:40 North American Apartment Layouts Create Space Issues
04:15 Unintended Consequences of Prescriptive Building Codes
04:57 pop up https://youtu.be/TF63Xj_QtjM?si=YKMdLHIs8b_Nchgx
05:03 pop up https://youtu.be/WpT0YDY8ejM?si=OIIEQm-y76TZlPEB
06:05 Structural Problems in Housing Regulations
08:07 Zoning Makes Low-Rise Family Apartments Difficult
09:48 Optimism and Next Steps for Policy Change

Research/links:
Why we can’t build family-sized apartments in North America
https://www.centerforbuilding.org/article/why-we-cant-build

Why Single Stairways are Heaven for Homebuilding
https://youtu.be/WpT0YDY8ejM?si=OIIEQm-y76TZlPEB

How Elevator Rules Cost Us Homes
https://youtu.be/TF63Xj_QtjM?si=YKMdLHIs8b_Nchgx

North America's Elevator Problem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or1_qVdekYM&t=1s

Addressing the concerns around single-staircase apartments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozwkP9Zsi0Y

Why We Don't Build More Apartments for Families | Odd Lots
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76IHpt6q9ME

Broken Zoning: Why We Can’t Fix the Housing Crisis Without a Map
https://youtu.be/yuAsjJsiuyQ?si=1DDXn4pIGUvSjmgC

Single Stair Buildings for San Francisco: The Key to Building Small Scale Infill Housing
https://openscopestudio.com/single-stair-buildings-for-san-francisco-the-key-to-building-small-scale-infill-housing/

Why Are Housing Costs So High? The Elevator Can Explain Why.
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/opinion/elevator-construction-regulation-labor-immigration.html

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

Is the Canadian dream officially broken? A recent headline claiming Canada is now poorer than Alabama sparked outrage and pearl-clutching from coast to coast. But beyond the headlines, what does the data actually say about our quality of life?

In this episode of Classonomics, hosts Mike Moffatt and Sabrina Maddeaux strip away the “economic hubris” and look at the cold, hard numbers. They explore why Canadians are so obsessed with “dunking on Americans” that we’ve ignored a decade of stagnation, a plummeting Human Development Index, and a housing crisis that has created two different Canadas.

In this episode, we discuss:

The Alabama Comparison: Is GDP per capita the right metric, or just a wake-up call?

The Happiness Gap: Why Canadian seniors are some of the happiest in the world while young people (under 30) have plummeted to 58th globally.

The Generational Wealth Divide: How the “floor” is falling out for Millennials and Gen Z while older homeowners remain insulated.

The Resource Curse: Why Canada has the complacency of a resource-rich nation without actually reaping the wealth.

The “Not-American” Trap: Why comparing ourselves only to the U.S. is holding our policy-makers back from real solutions found in countries like Denmark and New Zealand.

“The inequality here isn’t rich versus poor. It’s old versus young.”


Chapters:
00:00 Is Canada Poorer Than Alabama? The Headline That Stung
01:03 - Defining GDP per Capita
02:54  Canada's Decline in Global Well-Being Rankings
04:11 The Happiness Gap: Seniors vs. Gen Z & Millennials
04:57 The “Household Wealth Irony: Why High Home Prices Are Deceptive
05:34 A Tale of Two Countries: The Generational Wealth Split
07:21 The "Floor" Argument: Why Alabama is More Stable for Youth
09:47 The Stark Reality: Seniors are 9x Richer Than Their Grandchildren
10:47 The Resource Curse: Complacency Without the Riches
12:23 Canada’s Biggest Problem: The “At Least We’re Not American” Mindset
15:24 Patriotism Through Criticism: Why We Must Admit There’s a Problem


Research:

Sabrina Maddeaux: Canada didn't become poorer than Alabama 'out of nowhere
https://nationalpost.com/opinion/canada-didnt-become-poorer-than-alabama-out-of-nowhere

Canada’s global performance rankings are in freefall
https://thehub.ca/2026/02/26/canadas-global-performance-rankings-are-in-freefall/

How Canada became poorer than Alabama
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-out-of-nowhere-canada-became-poorer-than-alabama-how-is-that-possible/

World Happiness Report 2025
https://www.worldhappiness.report/ed/2025/

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

For decades, housing planners have assumed that seniors would eventually downsize, freeing up family homes for the next generation. But that hasn’t happened.

In this episode, Cara Stern and Mike Moffatt explore why most seniors choose to stay in their homes and why that decision is often perfectly rational. High moving costs, limited housing options, strong community ties, and government policies that encourage aging in place all make downsizing far less appealing than planners expected.

This mistaken assumption has shaped housing forecasts, contributed to today’s housing shortage, and fueled tensions between generations. Are seniors really the problem, or did policymakers simply plan the housing system around the wrong idea?

And if seniors aren’t moving, what does that mean for families trying to find space in cities where family-sized homes remain scarce?

In this episode, we discuss:

• The Over-Housing Myth: Why the term does more harm than good.
• The Cost of Moving: Taxes, fees, and the "financial loser" trade-off of downsizing.
• Involuntary Over-Housing: What happens when seniors want to move but have nowhere to go.
• Policy Failure: How municipal assumptions about generational turnover are decades out of date.

Chapters:

00:00 Introduction

01:00 The Irony of Planners Assuming Seniors Will Downsize

2:32 Flawed Assumptions About Generational Turnover and Life Expectancy

03:47 The Problematic Term "Overhoused"

07:11 Defining "Involuntarily Overhoused"

08:25 Underhousing Statistics in Toronto

09:04 Zero Sum Mentality Created By Housing Shortage

10:40 Density as a Solution for Seniors and Reducing Resentment

12:33 The Financial Calculation: Why Moving Makes No Sense for Seniors

14:00  Policies Actively Paying Seniors to Stay in Place

16:09 Places where they have Implemented Better Policy 

Research/links:

Right-Sizing Housing and Generational Turnover

https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/planning-studies-initiatives/housing-to-2051/

Perspectives on Growing Older in Canada: The 2025 NIA Ageing in Canada Survey – National Institute on Ageing, Toronto Metropolitan University

https://niageing.ca/reports/perspectives-on-growing-older-in-canada-the-2025-nia-ageing-in-canada-survey/

Canada’s Demographic Time Bomb: What Boom, Bust & Echo Got Right - 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3VT7x1lrBs

City of Toronto – Garden Suites and Laneway Suites

https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/planning-studies-initiatives/garden-suites/

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

If Canada isn’t in a recession, why does it feel like one for so many Canadians?

In this episode of Classonomics from The Missing Middle, hosts Sabrina Maddeaux and Mike Moffatt dig into one of the biggest contradictions in today’s economy. On paper, everything looks great. GDP is growing. Corporate profits are strong. Stock markets are hitting record highs. Yet, for millions of Canadians, life feels harder than ever. Food bank usage has doubled since 2019. Young people can’t afford homes in cities where their parents once bought starter houses. And even full-time workers are struggling to make ends meet.

Sabrina and Mike break down what’s really happening beneath those rosy headlines through the lens of the K-shaped economy, where wealthier Canadians continue to thrive while everyone else falls further behind. The top 20 percent are seeing record financial gains from stocks and investments, while the bottom 40 percent are sinking under housing costs, stagnant wages, and shrinking purchasing power.

They explore how this divide is reshaping not only people’s bank accounts but also their trust in institutions, politics, and the very idea of upward mobility. When the data says the economy is strong but your grocery bill says otherwise, frustration and hopelessness grow, and faith in the system fades fast.

Does Canada’s economy feel strong to you, or are you feeling left behind? Join the discussion in the comments.

Chapters:

00:00 – Intro

01:32 – What is a “K-Shaped Economy”? (The Two-Way Split)

02:54 – Why Younger Canadians Feel Locked Out of Growth

04:10 – The Record-Breaking Income Gap in Canada

05:18 – How the Richest Stay Ahead

06:48 – The Parental Wealth trap

08:24 – Hard Work vs. Inheritance

09:56 – Shocking Stats on Food Bank Users

11:47 – Why Canadians Feel Gaslit by GDP data

15:21 – Restoring the Link Between Work and Reward

RESEARCH LINKS:

Statistics Canada - Distributions of household economic accounts, third quarter 2025

The Hub - Canada's growing wealth gap in 7 charts

Food Banks Canada - HungerCount 2025

Statistics Canada - Income and wealth gaps increased in 3rd quarter of 2025

TD Economics - The Days Of Our Lives (K-shaped economy analysis)

Parliamentary Budget Officer - Estimating the top tail of the family wealth distribution in Canada

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

Is boycotting American products a patriotic duty, or a luxury belief most Canadians can’t afford?

In this episode of The Missing Middle, Cara Stern and Mike Moffatt unpack the growing generational divide in Canada, and why older Canadians are far more likely to boycott U.S. products, while younger Canadians are stuck navigating a brutal affordability crisis.

After a winter storm destroyed his car, Mike shares why he chose a Canadian-assembled vehicle, and how that decision sparked a bigger question: have certain political stances become “luxury beliefs” that only financially secure Canadians can realistically uphold?

The conversation digs into the tension between symbolic nationalism and economic reality, especially for Millennials and Gen Z who feel locked out of housing, squeezed by grocery prices, and shut out of opportunity.

From grocery store boycotts to the future of Canada’s auto sector, this episode explores what it actually means to be a “good Canadian” in a time of rising costs, political strain, and shifting global alliances.

Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
00:43 The Generational Divide on Canada-U.S. Relations
02:03 Why Older Canadians View America Differently Than Gen Z
03:04 Why Ethical Shopping is a Luxury
04:02 Mike’s New Car: A Case Study in Buying Canadian
06:21  Defining “Luxury Beliefs” in Economics
09:23  Social Judgment and the Ethics of Travel
10:21 Should Politicians Fight Trump?
11:04 On Carney’s Speech in Davos
12:47 Searching for Transformative Change in the Canadian Economy

Research/links:

Nanos Poll https://nanos.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025-2950-Bloomberg-Nov-Populated-Report-Tariffs-on-US-goods.pdf

Research Co Poll
https://researchco.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Tables_Tariffs_CAN_05Jun2025.pdf

Luxury Beliefs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_belief

Special Address by Mark Carney, Prime Minister of Canada | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2026
https://youtu.be/flsgJe8mN-A?si=xJs3huF52ABU-SEZ

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

If $130,000 is the new poverty line… what does that make you?

In this episode of Classonomics, we tackle the viral argument that the middle class isn’t struggling — it’s being mismeasured. On paper, incomes are up and unemployment is low. So why does it feel harder than ever to afford a home, raise kids, or even stand still? We break down the hidden costs of economic participation, from housing and childcare to smartphones and “technological coercion”. We also examine the rise of the two-income trap that quietly reset the price of middle-class life. Are millennials truly worse off than their parents? Is inflation data masking reality? And was the 80s and 90s middle class partly a sitcom illusion? 

If you’ve ever felt “middle class” in theory but squeezed in practice, this episode explains why.

Chapters:

0:00 – Introduction: Welcome to Classonomics

0:39 –  Why 90s “Struggling” TV Families Look Wealthy Today

02:03 – Is $130k the New Poverty Line?

04:52 – Technological Coercion: From Luxury to Necessity

09:08 – Why Inflation Stats are Misleading: Better vs. Cheaper

11:03 – The Two-Income Trap: From Option to Obligation

14:54 – The Nostalgia Gap: Are We Remembering the 80s Correctly?

17:20 – The Reality of Generational Downward Mobility

Research links:

Part 1: My Life Is a Lie

How a Broken Benchmark Quietly Broke America

https://www.yesigiveafig.com/p/part-1-my-life-is-a-lie

Cory Doctorow 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enshittification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorow

Hedonic adjustments

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/10/1135849519/hedonic-adjustment-how-to-measure-pleasure

Credits:

Mike Moffatt 

https://twitter.com/MikePMoffatt

https://bsky.app/profile/mikepmoffatt.bsky.social

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

Why is it so hard to make friends once you leave school? In this episode of The Missing Middle, Cara Stern and Mike Moffatt dive into the "Loneliness Epidemic" and the disappearing concept of the Third Place – those vital social hubs that aren't home (the first place) or work (the second place).

From the 1980s mall culture and bowling alleys to the modern era of "convenience-first" coffee shops and endless doomscrolling, we explore why 60% of Canadians feel disconnected from their communities. We also break down the surprising 2025 StatCan data showing that young people (15–24) are significantly lonelier than seniors.

In this episode, we discuss:

The Zoning Crisis: Why it’s literally illegal to build a walkable pub or café in most North American suburbs.

The Death of the Comfy Chair: How rising land costs forced businesses to prioritize drive-thrus over community "hangouts."

Weak Social Ties: Why interacting with people outside your "bubble" is essential for democracy, your mental health, and your career.

Practical Advice: Cara shares her (slightly terrifying) tips for meeting neighbours, and Mike discusses how rec sports saved his social life. 

Chapters:
00:00 The Connectivity Paradox: Why we’re lonelier than ever
01:40 Youth are lonelier than seniors
03:10 The "Doom Scrolling" effect on community connection
04:10 What is a "Third Place"? (And why you need one)
05:20 The power of "Weak Social Ties"
07:34 How Zoning & NIMBYism killed our local hangouts
12:18 Can Digital Communities Replace Physical Ones?
14:58 High Land Costs Make Everything Worse
17:08 Practical Advice: How to Build Community Today
20:41 The Senior Discount Problem: Why cities are ignoring youth isolation
22:10 How to Push Past Rejection & Find Your People

Research/links:

Six in Ten Canadians Surveyed Have Little or No Sense of Community, New YMCA Research Reveals

https://www.ymcagta.org/news/Six-in-Ten-Canadians-Surveyed-Have-Little-or-No-Sense-of-Community

Church Closures and the Loss of Community Social Capital

https://carleton.ca/panl/wp-content/uploads/Church-Closures-and-the-Loss-of-Community-Social-Capital-By-Don-McRae-March-2023.pdf

Where Have All the Great, Good Places Gone?: The Decline of the “Third Place”

https://www.mironline.ca/where-have-all-the-great-good-places-gone-the-decline-of-the-third-place/

Third places, true citizen spaces

https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/third-places-true-citizen-spaces

Brands should provide “third places” to help Canadians feel connected: 

https://strategyonline.ca/2024/11/11/citizen-relations-report-third-places/

The Hidden Health Crisis: Understanding Loneliness in Canada
https://blog.theralist.ca/the-hidden-health-crisis-understanding-loneliness-in-canada/

Why your ‘weak-tie’ friendships may mean more than you think
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/

The unemployment rate says everything is fine. So why does finding a job feel impossible?

Canada has added nearly 200,000 jobs and unemployment sits around 6.5%. On paper, that’s a “normal” economy. But talk to young workers, or anyone trying to switch jobs, and you’ll hear a very different story: hundreds of applications, zero callbacks, and months of silence.

In this episode of Classonomics, Sabrina Maddeaux and Mike Moffatt break down the hidden story behind the headlines. They explain why low unemployment can mask a frozen job market — one with fewer layoffs, fewer hires, and far fewer opportunities for people trying to get in.

If you’re a recent grad, stuck in your career, or wondering why the economy feels worse than the data suggests, this episode is for you.

Tell us in the comments: How long has your job search taken? Has it been harder than expected?

Chapters:

00:00 – Why Finding a Job in Canada Feels Impossible Right Now

01:57 – Beyond Unemployment: The Hidden Labour Market Indicators

05:28 – Why Employers Have the Upper Hand Right Now

06:12 – Global Uncertainty, Trade Tensions & Hiring Freezes

07:26 – The "Low-Hire, Low-Fire" Equilibrium Explained

10:21 – How Over-Regulation Stifles Economic Growth

13:06 – The Systemic Impact of Locking Out a Generation

14:20 – The Housing Theory of Everything

Research:

Consulting the Magic 8 Ball of Canada’s Job Market

The Job Market Is Frozen:Unemployment is low, but workers aren’t quitting and businesses aren’t hiring. What’s going on?

Canada’s shifting labour market: Recalibrating ‘breakeven employment’

Glassdoor Worklife Trends 2025

Employment by industry, monthly, seasonally adjusted and unadjusted, and trend-cycle, last 5 months (x 1,000) 1, 2, 3, 4

Hosted by Mike Moffatt & Cara Stern & Sabrina Maddeaux

Produced by Meredith Martin

Funded by the Neptis Foundation https://neptis.org/