通勤學英語 15Mins Today

每日英語跟讀 Ep.975: England’s Mental Health Experiment: Free Talk Therapy

 

England is in the midst of a unique national experiment, the world’s most ambitious effort to treat depression, anxiety and other common mental illnesses.

The rapidly growing initiative, which has gotten little publicity outside the country, offers virtually open-ended talk therapy free of charge at clinics throughout the country: in remote farming villages, industrial suburbs, isolated immigrant communities and high-end enclaves. The goal is to eventually create a system of primary care for mental health not just for England but for all of Britain.

英格蘭正進行獨特的全境實驗，一項為治療憂鬱症、焦慮和其他常見精神疾病而展開的舉世最具雄心壯舉。

這項計畫正快速開展，但在英格蘭以外卻鮮為人知，該計畫在全境各地的診所提供幾乎無時間限制的免費談話治療，涵蓋了偏遠農村、工業郊區、孤立移民社區及高檔社區。最終目標是不僅為英格蘭，同時也為全英國建立一套精神健康的初級保健制度。

At a time when many nations are debating large-scale reforms to mental health care, researchers and policymakers are looking hard at England’s experience, sizing up both its popularity and its limitations. Mental health care systems vary widely across the Western world, but none have gone nearly so far to provide open-ended access to talk therapies backed by hard evidence. Experts say the English program is the first broad real-world test of treatments that have been studied mostly in carefully controlled lab conditions.

The demand in the first several years has been so strong it has strained the program’s resources. According to the latest figures, the program now screens nearly 1 million people a year, and the number of adults in England who have recently received some mental health treatment has jumped to 1 in 3 from 1 in 4 and is expected to continue to grow. Mental health professionals also say the program has gone a long way to shrink the stigma of psychotherapy in a nation culturally steeped in stoicism.

當前許多國家正就大舉改革精神健康照護進行辯論，研究人員和決策人士也緊盯著英格蘭的經驗，分析其普及性和侷限。西方各國精神健康照護制度彼此差別很大，但迄今沒有哪個國家能提供獲確切證據所支持的無時間限制談話治療。專家表示，英格蘭這項計畫是第一個廣泛的現實世界治療試驗，而這些治療法大多是在實驗室精心控制的條件下研究過的。

由於起初幾年需求相當強勁，以致該計畫資源吃緊。最新數據顯示，該計畫每年篩檢近一百萬人，且最近接受過精神健康治療的英格蘭成年人數比例，已從四分之一跳增至三分之一，且料將繼續成長。精神健康專業人士並表示，該計畫已使心理治療在這個文化上充滿堅忍主義的國度汙名大減。

“You now actually hear young people say, ‘I might go and get some therapy for this,'” said Dr. Tim Kendall, clinical director for mental health for the National Health Service. “You’d never, ever hear people in this country say that out in public before.”

A recent widely shared video of three popular royals — Prince William, Prince Harry and Kate, Duchess of Cambridge — discussing the importance of mental health care and the princes’ struggles after their mother’s death is another sign of the country’s growing openness about treatment.

英國國民保健署精神健康臨床主任提姆．肯達爾博士說：「你現在真的會聽見年輕人說『我可能會去接受些治療』。以前你在這個國家絕不會聽見人們當眾這麼說。」

最近三位皇室人氣成員（威廉王子、哈利王子及劍橋公爵夫人凱特）的一個影片被廣泛分享，其中探討了精神健康照護的重要性，以及兩位王子在母親死後的心理掙扎，這是這個國家對治療日益開放的另一跡象。

The enormous amount of data collected through the program has shown the importance of a quick response after a person’s initial call and of a triage-like screening system in deciding a course of treatment. It will potentially help researchers and policymakers around the world to determine which reforms can work — and which most likely will not.

透過該計畫收集的極大量數據顯示，在某人初次呼求後迅速回應，以及以分類篩選系統決定治療過程的重要性。這可能會幫助世界各地的研究人員與決策人士確定哪些改革會有用，哪些又極可能沒用。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/316894/web/

 

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Welcome to 15min.today, the home of English Shadowing. I'm your host Gavin and this is In-Tense Episode 67. Hi guys. We're moving on to something new and they're called conjunctions. Now there are three kinds of conjunctions, and today we're going to be looking at the first one, which is coordinating conjunctions. Now what do conjunctions do? Well, they connect words or groups of words and show the words are related. So, when you make a list and you add two things, “I like coffee and tea.” There's a relationship between those which is quite simplistic, that and is a conjunction. Today we're going to be looking at the first one, which is coordinating conjunctions, and there are only seven of them, and they are the following words: for, and, nor, but, or, yet & so. Those are our seven coordinating conjunctions, so let's look at our examples and you will see how they are used.

 

Did neither John nor Jane do the work? Yes, neither John nor Jane did the work,

Did neither John nor Jane do the work? No, neither John nor Jane did the work.

 

Would you like to wait and see? Yes, I would like to wait and see.

Would you like to wait and see? No, I would not like to wait and see.

 

Does Peter have any brothers or sisters? Yes, he has brothers and sisters.

Does Peter have any brothers or sisters? No, he does not have any brothers or sisters.

 

Is the man well-dressed yet very rude? Yes, he is well dressed yet very rude.

Is the man well-dressed yet very rude? No, he is not well dressed or very rude.

 

He was an only child so was he spoiled? Yes, he was spoiled as an only child.

He was an only child so was he spoiled? No, he was not spoiled, even though he was an only child.

 

Will you be penalized for being late? Yes, I will be penalized for being late.

Will you be penalized for being late? No, I will not be penalized for being late.

 

Are apples and pears fruit? Yes, they are fruit.

Are apples and pear fruit? No, they are not fruit.

 

Do you have neither money nor fame? Yes, I have neither money nor fame.

Do you have neither money nor fame? No, I have neither money nor fame.

 

Is he famous but broke? Yes, he is famous but broke.

Is he famous but broke? No, he is not famous and is broke.

 

Did simple Simon go fishing for to catch a whale? Yes, he went fishing for to catch a whale.

Did simple Simon go fishing for to catch a whale? No, he did not go fishing for to catch a whale.

 

Well there you go guys, coordinating conjunctions. I hope you find that useful again, don't worry about it specifically, as long as you can spot that these words are conjunctions, you will be fine. OK, so if you want more examples, just Google it and you will find many more. Hope you have a great day and I'll catch you in the next episode, bye!

 

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Summary:

The story of Ms. Beshara, the founder of Ninjavideo in 2010 was busted by the federal agents for illegally streaming and distributing pirated tv shows on her website. At the time, her site has 2.6m visits a day and 60,000 registered members. File-sharing online amounts to about a quarter of all consumer traffic. In 2012, Megaupload was seized and shutdown with Kim Dotcom arrested in New Zealand, but not extradited.

 

原文章討論: https://www.15mins.today/blog/ep-927-in-culture-of-access-a-frustrating-pursuit-of-bootleggers

 

 

Vocabulary and Sample Sentence

 

Piracy n. the practice of robbing ships at sea.

 

Many movies were pirated and made available online before its actual release.

Online piracy hinders the development of the movie and music industries.

 

Indict v. accuse or charge with a serious crime

Kim Dotcom was indicted by the US on charges related to copyright infringement.

He was indicted by the prosecutor for theft.

 

Confiscate v. take or seize someone’s property with authority

The FBI confiscated Ms. Beshara’s computer hardware.

The school teacher confiscated the student’s smartphone when he was caught using it in class.

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.977: Who Gets Hurt When the World Stops Using Cash

 

Cash doesn’t have the status it used to.

現金的地位不比從前了。

In fact, some state and local governments are forcing businesses like restaurants and retail shops to continue accepting cash — concerned that cashless businesses effectively discriminate against consumers who do not have bank accounts or credit cards.

事實上，一些州跟地方政府正強制餐廳與零售店等商家繼續收受現金，擔心不收現金形同歧視沒有銀行帳戶或信用卡的消費者。

Concerns about a decline in the acceptance of cash surfaced well before the coronavirus arrived, as consumers grew more comfortable shopping online with credit or debit cards and paying quickly with mobile apps. Many businesses like electronic payments because they speed up purchases and reduce concern about theft.

早在新冠疫情出現前，對現金接受度下滑的憂慮即已浮現，因為消費者更習於在網路上用信用卡或簽帳卡購物，並用手機應用程式快速付帳。許多商家喜歡電子支付，因它加快購買速度且減少對盜竊的擔憂。

Then, during the pandemic, restaurants and stores emphasized online ordering and digital payment to reduce interactions — and the risk of infection — among customers and employees. And as consumers stayed home, coin shortages occurred, making it difficult for some stores to give change. That added to a preference for electronic payments.

後來在疫情大流行期間，餐廳與商店重視線上訂購與數位支付，以減少顧客與員工間的互動與感染風險。隨著消費者待在家中，硬幣短缺了，一些商店很難找零。這增高了對於電子支付的偏好。

“The concern has been heightened as a result of the pandemic,” said Susan Grant, director of consumer protection and privacy at the Consumer Federation of America, a nonprofit advocacy group.

非營利倡議組織美國消費者協會的消費者保護與隱私業務負責人蘇珊·葛蘭特說：「這場大疫情加深了人們的憂慮。」

But as digital payments become more widespread, “we’re concerned that people aren’t going to be able to pay for necessities,” said Linda Sherry, director of national priorities at Consumer Action, an advocacy group.

倡議組織消費者行動的國家優先事務負責人琳達·雪莉表示，隨著數位支付日益普及，「我們擔心人們將無法付現購買生活必需品。」

Businesses that refuse cash put at a disadvantage people who lack traditional bank accounts or can’t qualify for credit cards, consumer advocates say. About one-fourth of American adults were unbanked or underbanked in 2019 — meaning they did not have a bank account or had one but also used alternatives like check-cashing services, the Federal Reserve found. Those consumers are more likely to be in a racial or ethnic minority group, have lower incomes and be less educated.

消費者權益保護人士表示，拒收現金的商家讓沒有傳統銀行帳戶或不夠資格申請信用卡者陷入不利的處境。美國聯邦準備理事會發現，在2019年，約有四分之一美國成年人沒有銀行帳戶或屬次級銀行用戶，這意味他們沒有銀行帳戶或是雖有帳戶，但使用的卻是支票兌現等非主流服務。這些消費者有較高可能屬於少數種族或族裔，收入和教育程度較低。

Some may like cash because it helps them budget their money or teach their children about spending. Others may be wary of a loss of privacy and vulnerability to hacking with electronic payments, or simply prefer cash, Grant said. “The decision should be the consumer’s.”

有些人喜歡現金是因為它能幫他們規劃預算或教孩子如何花錢。葛蘭特說，另有些人可能因擔心失去隱私及電子支付容易被駭，或者就只是喜歡現金。「這應交由消費者決定。」

The federation and dozens of other advocacy and privacy rights groups are backing federal legislation that would prohibit brick-and-mortar retailers from refusing to accept cash.

美國消費者協會跟其他數十個倡議與隱私權保護組織，支持由聯邦立法禁止實體零售業者拒收現金。

Consumers still use cash for more than one-quarter of all payments, according to Federal Reserve data from October, its latest comprehensive study of payment behavior.

根據聯邦準備理事會去年10月的最後一次支付行為綜合調查，消費者在所有付款中使用現金比例超過四分之一。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/358168/web/

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.973: How does S’pore socialite Jamie Chua spend her money?

 

新加坡名媛蔡欣穎擁有超過200個愛馬仕包，說她的衣帽間比百貨公司的貨量還多一點也不誇張。現年45歲的她時常在社群平台上分享自己的驚人生活，包括豪宅、華服、美食、精品、豪車和環遊世界旅行照。

With more than 200 Hermes bags, it’s no exaggeration to say that Singapore’s socialite Jamie Chua (蔡欣穎) has more luxury goods in her wardrobe than a department store. The 45-year-old influencer has been sharing highlights of her luxurious life on social media platforms, including her mansion, clothes, food, boutiques, expensive cars and photos of her traveling around the world.

蔡欣穎年輕時是一名新加坡航空的新手空姐，因緣際會在商務艙認識印尼富豪Nurdian Cuaca，一拍即合閃婚成為豪門嬌妻。和他結婚15年期間，蔡欣穎為他生下1兒1女，卻突然於2011年、她36歲時離婚，理由是「個性不合」。

When she was a young Singapore Airlines flight attendant, she met an Indonesian tycoon, Nurdian Cuaca, in the business class and married him instantly. She was married to him for 15 years and gave birth to a son and a daughter, before she eventually divorced him in 2011 at the age of 36, citing “personality clashes.” The two did click right away after their encounter, and that’s when her lavish lifestyle began.

離婚時，蔡欣穎要求Cuaca必須每月支付她超過624萬元台幣的贍養費，在當地掀起社會輿論。雖然最終她沒公開判決結果，但可以肯定的是自從離婚後，她的生活奢華程度不減反增。

During their divorce lawsuit, Jamie sparked controversy by demanding that Cuaca pay her more than NT$6.24 million a month in alimony. Although she didn’t disclose the verdict, one thing’s for sure: since the divorce, she’s been living an even more luxurious life.

她曾表示每次出國她都會攜帶2個助理，她們的工作是24小時跟著她幫她拍美照，要拍到她覺得照片能上傳社群平台，大家才能回飯店休息，十分浮誇。

Jamie once said during an interview that every time she travels, she brings 2 assistants, whose jobs are to follow her 24-hour a day to take photos. They can go back to the hotel to rest until after her photos are deemed good enough to post on social media.

而她每個月在外貌上也是下足重本，她曾經跟媒體透漏她平均每月會花費30萬新台幣在頭髮、全身護理和減肥上，因此她和年輕貌美的女兒Calista站在一起不像母女，而是像姊妹。目前的她，是新加坡知名的網紅阿姨，粉絲超過122萬，十分火紅。

The successful influencer spends lots on her appearance too. She once told the media that she spends an average of NT$300,000 a month on hair, body care and weight loss treatments. The amount of money put into maintaining her looks is probably the secret to why she and her daughter Calista look like sisters instead of mother and daughter. She is now a famous Singaporean influencer with over 1.22 million followers.

Source article: https://chinapost.nownews.com/20201021-1835657

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.972: A library in greenery opens in Pingtung

 

After two years of refurbishment, the Pingtung County Library reopened its doors on Aug. 28. Surrounded by the greenery in the Millennium Park in Pingtung City, the building has quickly become the city’s latest landmark.

歷時兩年整建完成的「屏東縣立圖書館」，八月二十八日正式開館啟用。圖書館座落於屏東市綠意環繞的千禧公園中，成為屏東新地標。

According to Pingtung County Government Cultural Affairs Department, the new library, which positions itself as “our library,” has 700 seats and a collection of 400,000 volumes, increased from the original 150,000 books. The library uses RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology throughout its collection, and introduces Taiwan’s first smart shelf for book returns, in addition to the 24-hour drive-through book return system.

屏縣文化處表示，屏東縣圖以「Our Library」為定位，共有七百個座位，藏書由原本的十五萬冊增加為四十萬冊，全館也使用RFID（無線射頻辨識）系統，引進全台首創之智慧還書架及二十四小時還書得來速。

Pingtung County Commissioner Pan Men-an says the library will function as Pingtung’s central library and integrate the resources of 33 township libraries and school and community reading groups, working together to help Pingtung residents enhance their appreciation of literature.

屏東縣長潘孟安表示，屏東縣立圖書館定調為屏東「總圖」的概念，未來將垂直整合三十三個鄉鎮圖書館、學校社區共讀站資源，提升屏東的閱讀力。

According to Malone Chang, the architect who designed the new library, unlike with other public libraries, the refurbishment of Pingtung County Library is based on the existing building and did not involve tearing down the original structure. This not only preserves the culture and maintains an emotional bond with the building, but “the renovation enabled us to keep the concrete, which otherwise would take over 100 years to decompose, in place.”

設計此圖書館的建築師張瑪龍指出，有別於其他縣市選擇打掉重建，屏東縣圖是由老建築重新翻修，不僅是文化、情感的延續，「原本必須耗費地球逾百年才能消化的廢棄混凝土，也透過翻修技法被保留了下來。」

Each floor is carefully designed for different ages and ethnic groups, with the fourth floor dedicated to Pingtung’s literature and cultural diversity, displaying the works of local writers and books in Southeast Asian languages.

圖書館各樓層空間為不同年齡族群貼心打造，四樓為屏東文學館與多元文化專區，展示在地作家作品，也有東南亞等多國語言書籍。

The library has also rearranged the American Shelf originally set up in the Pingtung County Cultural Office Library 5 years ago, displaying books on American society, culture, geography, history and stories provided by the American Institute in Taiwan.

屏東縣圖也重新規劃了五年前即在屏縣文化處圖書館設置的「美國資料專區」，由美國在台協會（AIT）提供美國社會、文化、地理、歷史、趣味故事等多元書籍。

The Reading Festival in Pingtung opened on Sept. 4 and runs through Nov. 1, featuring talks by writers and chefs, cultural tours and “locomotive libraries” converted from “blue train“ railway cars.

今年屏東的「南國漫讀節」於九月四日起至十一月一日舉行，邀請著名作家、廚師分享在地文化，並有火車上的圖書館「藍皮普快」行駛。

Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/09/07/2003742919

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.971: Venezuela, Once an Oil Giant, Reaches the End of an Era

 

For the first time in a century, there are no rigs searching for oil in Venezuela.

百年來，委內瑞拉首次沒有鑽油平台在鑽探石油。

Wells that once tapped the world’s largest crude reserves are abandoned or left to flare toxic gases that cast an orange glow over depressed oil towns.

曾自全球最大原油礦藏採油的油井，不是廢棄，就是任由洩漏的毒性氣體逕自燃燒，使附近蕭條的石油城鎮蒙上一層橘光。

Refineries that once processed oil for export are rusting hulks, leaking crude that blackens shorelines and coats the water in an oily sheen.

先前把石油加工出口的煉油廠成了生鏽的殘骸，洩漏的原油染黑了海岸線，並在海面形成一層油光。

Fuel shortages have brought the country to a standstill. At gas stations, lines go on for miles.

燃料短缺使這個國家陷入癱瘓。在加油站，排隊加油的車輛綿延數哩。

Venezuela’s colossal oil sector, which shaped the country and the international energy market for a century, has come to a near halt, with production reduced to a trickle by years of gross mismanagement and U.S. sanctions. The collapse is leaving behind a destroyed economy and a devastated environment and, many analysts say, bringing to an end the era of Venezuela as an energy powerhouse.

委內瑞拉龐大的石油業曾形塑這個國家和國際能源市場長達百年，如今卻幾近停頓，由於多年來管理不善和遭受美國制裁，產量只剩一丁點。石油業崩潰導致經濟慘淡，環境重創，且如許多分析家所言，為委國作為能源大國的時代畫下句點。

The country that a decade ago was the largest producer in Latin America, earning about $90 billion a year from oil exports, is expected to net about $2.3 billion by this year’s end — less than the aggregate amount that Venezuelan migrants who fled the country’s economic devastation will send back home to support their families, according to Pilar Navarro, a Caracas, Venezuela-based economist.

長駐委國首都卡拉卡斯的經濟學家納瓦洛說，當地10年前是拉丁美洲最大產油國，每年出口石油賺進900億美元，但到今年年底，預計可進帳23億美元，還不及為逃避經濟崩潰而出國的國民匯回養家的金錢總額。

Production is the lowest in nearly a century after sanctions forced most oil companies to stop drilling for or buying Venezuelan oil — and even that trickle could dry up soon, analysts warn.

分析家警告，制裁迫使許多石油公司停止鑽探或購買委國石油，以致其產量降到近百年來最低，甚至最後這點生產也可能即將停止。

The decline has diminished beyond recognition a country that just a decade ago rivaled the United States for regional influence. It is also unraveling a national culture defined by oil, a source of cash that once seemed endless; it financed monumental public works and pervasive graft, generous scholarships and flashy shopping trips to Miami.

石油業衰落，使十年前與美國享有同等區域影響力的委內瑞拉面目全非，還破壞了以石油為基礎的的國家文化，石油曾經是看似取之不盡的現金來源：支應大型公共工程，助長普遍存在的貪腐，用以發放豐厚的獎學金，也讓人們享受到美國佛州邁阿密的豪華購物之旅。

Crippling gasoline shortages have led to an outbreak of dozens of daily protests across most Venezuelan states in recent weeks.

汽油嚴重短缺，導致最近幾周委內瑞拉多數州每天總共爆發數十場抗議。

More than 5 million Venezuelans, or 1 in 6 residents, have fled the country since 2015, creating one of the world’s greatest refugee crises, according to the United Nations. The country now has the highest poverty rate in Latin America, overtaking Haiti this year, according to a recent study by Venezuela’s three leading universities.

聯合國資料顯示，2015年起已有逾500萬，也就是六分之一委國人逃離，是全球最大難民潮之一。委國三所頂尖大學最近的調查顯示，委國今年取代海地，成為拉美貧困率最高的國家。

Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/358363/web/

 

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.970: About the US - In New York, making a life out of bottles and cans

 

When the Brooklyn clothing factory where she worked closed its doors, Josefa Marin started picking up cans and bottles from trash cans to make ends meet.

當荷塞法．瑪林工作的布魯克林成衣廠關門後，她開始從垃圾桶撿拾瓶罐轉賣，好達到收支平衡。

A decade later, the 50-year-old Mexican immigrant is handed hundreds of recyclables by bars and clubs and by concierges of private buildings. They even give her the keys to their trash rooms so she can take what she needs.

10年後，酒吧、俱樂部或私人大樓的管理員，都會把上百件回收品交給這位50歲的墨西哥移民。他們甚至把回收室的鑰匙交給她，讓她自由拿取。

They are called "bottle professionals" by some redemption centers’ employees, and are described as people who know by heart each recycling and trash pick-up route and who take the job seriously thanks to a 1982 law in New York that allows consumers to return empty containers for five cents.

某些資源回收中心的員工稱他們為「瓶罐專家」，形容他們是把每一條資源回收路線銘記在心，以及認真對待這項工作的人。拜紐約市1982年一項法律所賜，消費者只要回收空瓶罐，就能退回5美分（約1.5台幣）。

 

Next Article

 

 

More than half of young Americans live with parents 逾半數美國年輕人與父母同住

 

Just over half of young adult Americans live with their parents, an unprecedented proportion that is doubtless linked to the coronavirus but also reflects a deeper trend, researchers said Friday.

研究人員週五表示，逾5成的美國年輕人與他們的父母住在一起，這高得空前的比例，無疑地與新型冠狀病毒疫情有關聯，但是也反映更深層趨勢。

Between February and May, the share of 18-29 year-olds living with at least one parent rose from 47 percent to 52 percent and stayed at that level through July.

在2月到5月間，18到29歲族群中與父母其中至少1人同住的比例從47％增加到52％，到7月都一直維持這樣的比例。

The rise was most marked among 18-24 year-olds, with 71 percent of them living with their parents in July, up from 63 percent in February.

18到24歲族群與父母同住的比例增加得最明顯，從2月的63％增加到7月的71％。

Among ethnic groups, the breakdown showed that the trend was strongest inside the Hispanic community.

各族裔分類顯示，這種趨勢在西裔族群最明顯。

Even though the increase was pushed by the pandemic as young adults struggled to get by, it is part of a longer-term pattern, Pew says.

皮優說，儘管年輕人受疫情影響日子難過，推升與父母同住的比例，但是這也是長期模式的一環。

Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1401557; https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1401769

 

 

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Welcome to 15mins.today, the home of English Shadowing. I am your host Gavin, and this is In-Tense Episode 66. Well guys we are ticking along through grammar and we are now moving onto something strange and very easy, interjections. Weird one, right? What is it? Well, those are words that show strong emotion, so they are sounds like “Wow, that was awesome!” That wow, there that's an interjection. So usually you would find them at the beginning of a sentence, but probably not always. So, one of my favorites, “Yahoo, it is Friday!” There you go, an interjection. “Oh no,did I do that that?” Oh no is an interjection. 

 

Now how will I know if something is an interjection? Well usually it should be at the beginning of the sentence, but not always. Sometimes we can put them at the end. I'm sure we could find a way of putting them in the middle, something like, “Oh, rats!” So, there's ohand rats, both are interjections. So how would I know? How do I find them? Easy, your friend Google, Google a list of interjections and you will find plenty of examples of interjections. A lot of them sound like sounds we make and some like words that don't make any sense. Fiddlesticks, there you go, an interjection. So, Google them and you will get some good examples. So, let's get started on ours, and sadly due to the nature of interjections, we can't do questions with them. So, let's look at our examples.

 

Drill Sentences:

Bravo, you were amazing!

Goodness gracious is that the time!

Wow, what a beautiful car.

Eek, is that a mouse?

Ahoy there!

Congratulations everyone!

Gee whiz, I wish I had one.

Holy smokes, this is not good.

Oh dear, I think I broke it.

Oh well, you tried your best.

Ouch, that was my toe.

Phew, I am so happy that is over.

Shoo, shoo, shoo leave now!

Whoops, I made a big mistake.

Yuk, that was disgusting.

Dang, that horse is beautiful.

 

Well there you go guys, some examples of interjections. I put them all in at the beginning of the sentences. So, I hope you find it useful. If you hear those sounds, they are quite popular for all of us. You will note it is an interjection and if you want a list as I said, you all you have to do is Google okay? I will catch you in the next episode and bye!

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每日英語跟讀 Ep.969: Dark hair was common among Vikings, genetic study confirms

They may have had a reputation for trade, braids and fearsome raids, but the Vikings were far from a single group of flaxen-haired, sea-faring Scandinavians. A genetic study of Viking-age human remains has not only confirmed that Vikings from different parts of Scandinavia set sail for different parts of the world, but has revealed that dark hair was more common among Vikings than Danes today.

維京人或許以貿易、髮辮，以及讓人聞風喪膽的燒殺擄掠聞名，但是他們並非全部來自單一群體，不只是一群亞麻色頭髮、經年航海的斯堪地那維亞人。近日一項維京時代人類遺骸的基因研究，證實維京人從斯堪地那維亞半島的不同地區揚帆航向世界各地，更透露維京人頭髮多為深色，跟今日的丹麥人相比更為普遍。

What’s more, while some were born Vikings, others adopted the culture — or perhaps had it thrust upon them. “Vikings were not restricted to blond Scandinavians,” said Eske Willerslev, a co-author of the research from the University of Cambridge and the University of Copenhagen.

更重要的是，儘管有些北歐人天生就是維京人，其他族群也會吸收維京文化──或是可能被迫接受。該研究由英國劍橋大學和丹麥哥本哈根大學合作，共同作者之一艾斯克‧威勒斯列夫指出：「維京人並非僅限於金髮碧眼的斯堪地那維亞人。」

Writing in the journal Nature, Willerslev and colleagues report how they sequenced the genomes of 442 humans who lived across Europe between about 2,400BC and 1,600AD, with the majority from the Viking age — a period that stretched from around 750AD to 1050AD. The study also drew on existing data from more than 1,000 ancient individuals from non-Viking times, and 3,855 people living today.

在這篇刊登於《自然》期刊的研究中，威勒斯列夫和他的同事闡述他們如何定序四百四十二人的基因體。這些研究對象來自歐洲各地，大約生活在西元前兩千四百年到西元一千六百年間，其中大多數人屬於維京時代──也就是橫跨西元七百五十年到一千零五十年之間的時期。該研究也運用現有的基因資料，其中包括超過一千名並非生活在維京時代的古老人類，以及三千八百五十五名現代人。

Among their results the team found that from the iron age, southern European genes entered Denmark and then spread north, while — to a lesser extent — genes from Asia entered Sweden. “Vikings are, genetically, not purely Scandinavian,” said Willerslev. However, the team found Viking age Scandinavians were not a uniform population, but clustered into three main groups — a finding that suggests Vikings from different parts of Scandinavia did not mix very much.

在他們的研究結果中，團隊發現南歐的基因在鐵器時代進入丹麥，而後往北傳播，也有少部分來自亞洲的基因進入瑞典。威勒斯列夫指出：「維京人，從基因上來說，並非純然是斯堪地那維亞人。」另外，團隊發現維京時代的斯堪地那維亞人並非種族齊一的人口，而是由三個主要族群組成──這項發現顯示：來自斯堪地那維亞不同地區的維京人並未充分融合。

The team found these groups roughly map on to present-day Scandinavian countries, although Vikings from south-west Sweden were genetically similar to their peers in Denmark. Genetic diversity was greatest in coastal regions. Further analysis confirmed the long-standing view that most Vikings in England came from Denmark, as reflected in place names and historical records, while the Baltic region was dominated by Swedish Vikings, and Vikings from Norway ventured to Ireland, Iceland, Greenland and the Isle of Man.

團隊表示，這些族群的分布範圍大約和今日的北歐三國疆界疊合，不過瑞典西南部的維京人在基因上和丹麥維京人較為相近。基因多樣性則在沿岸地區最為顯著。進一步的分析更證實一項存在已久的學界看法：英國大多數的維京人來自丹麥，正如同地名和歷史紀錄反映出的情況，而巴爾幹地區是由瑞典維京人統治，至於挪威的維京人則冒險前往愛爾蘭、冰島、格陵蘭以及今日的英屬曼島。

However, the team says remains from Russia revealed some Vikings from Denmark also travelled east. The study also revealed raids were likely a local affair: the team found four brothers and another relative died in Salme, Estonia, in about 750AD, in what is thought could have been a raid, with others in the party likely to have been from the same part of Sweden.

不過，團隊指出，來自俄國的遺骸顯示，丹麥的維京人也曾往東方旅行。研究也透露維京人的劫掠可能只是「地方事件」：團隊發現，有四名兄弟和一名親戚，大約在西元七百五十年死於愛沙尼亞的薩爾梅，看起來是一場劫掠的結果，其他參與者可能也來自瑞典的同一個地區。

In addition, the team found two individuals from Orkney, who were buried with Viking swords, had no Scandinavian genetic ancestry. “[Being a Viking] is not a pure ethnic phenomenon, it is a lifestyle that you can adopt whether you are non-Scandinavian or Scandinavian,” said Willerslev, adding that genetic influences from abroad both before and during the Viking age might help explain why genetic variants for dark hair were relatively common among Vikings.

此外，團隊還發現兩名奧克尼群島的個體，遺骸旁有維京劍陪葬，但是這兩人沒有斯堪地那維亞的基因世系。「（身為維京人）並不是單純的人種學現象，無論你是不是斯堪地那維亞人，都可以採取這種生活方式，」威勒斯列夫補充表示，來自國外、在維京時代之前，以及該時代期間的基因影響，也許可以解釋為什麼深色頭髮的基因變異在維京人當中相對普遍。

Steve Ashby, an expert in Viking-age archaeology from the University of York, said the study confirmed what had been suspected about movement and trade in the Viking age, but also brought fresh detail. “The evidence for gene flow with southern Europe and Asia is striking, and sits well with recent research that argues for large-scale connectivity in this period,” he said. “[The study] also provides new information about levels of contact and isolation within Scandinavia itself, and offers an interesting insight into the composition of raiding parties.”

英國約克大學的維京時代考古學專家史蒂夫‧阿什比指出，這項研究證實了先前科學家對於維京時代遷徙和貿易活動的猜測，並且帶來新的細節。「（維京人與）南歐以及亞洲基因流動的證據相當驚人，也吻合近年研究主張這段時期大規模的人類交流情況。」阿什比表示：「（這項研究）傳達新的資訊，透露斯堪地那維亞半島內部交流和隔離的程度，並且提供有趣的見解，讓我們一窺強盜集團的組成。」

Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/09/27/2003744127

 

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