In this episode, we dive into the critical role of HLA gene variants, such as HLA-DRB1, and their profound impact on immune system function, particularly focusing on their significance in conditions like Lyme disease and mold toxicity. We'll explore how variations in these HLA genes, like the HLA-DRB1*0401 allele, influence the body's ability to recognize and respond to pathogens, potentially leading to chronic symptoms. The discussion will also cover HLA gene variant testing and how it can lend insight when it comes to taking a bioindividual approach to supporting the immune system.

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Explanation of HLA gene variants

- Importance of HLA genes in immune system function

2. Basics of Genetics and Immunology

- What is a chromosome?

- Introduction to genes and their functions

- Overview of DNA and protein synthesis

3. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

- Description of the Major Histocompatibility Complex

- Division of MHC genes into Class I, II, and III

- Role of Class I MHC genes in antigen presentation

- Role of Class II MHC genes in antigen presentation

- Function of Class III MHC genes

4. HLA Genes and Immune Function

- Explanation of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes

- Connection between MHC genes and HLA genes (human MHC)

- Transcription and regulation of HLA genes

- Response to internal and external signals

- Role of Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

5. Pathogen Recognition and Immune Activation

- Mechanism of pathogen recognition by HLA genes

- Activation of immune response by antigen presentation

- Formation and function of peptide-HLA complexes

6. Impact of HLA Variants on Disease

- Specific focus on Lyme disease and mold toxicity

- Role of HLA Class II alleles in immune response

- Association of HLA-DR alleles with chronic Lyme disease

- Sensitivity to mold exposure linked to certain HLA gene variants

7. Testing and Implications of HLA Gene Variants

- Importance of HLA gene variant testing

- Broader implications for diseases like lupus and multiple sclerosis

- Personalized approaches based on HLA gene variants

8. Biotoxin Illness and Poor Antigen Presentation Due to an HLA Gene Variant

- Strategies to support immune system function in the presence of biotoxins

- Importance of detoxification pathways and binders

Thank you to our episode sponsor:

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In this episode, we dive into the complexities of Bartonella, a genus of gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria known for its ability to evade the immune system and persist in host cells such as endothelial cells and erythrocytes. We explore the specific pathogenesis mechanisms of Bartonella henselae, including its interaction with cell adhesion molecules which facilitate its intracellular entry and survival. Additionally, we discuss the clinical manifestations and epidemiological significance of Bartonella as a common co-infection in Lyme disease patients, emphasizing its role in chronic symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes and vascular-related skin lesions.

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and biotoxin illness.

2. Overview of Bartonella

- Definition and general characteristics of Bartonella as a genus of gram-negative bacteria.

- Explanation of facultative intracellular pathogens and their survival mechanisms.

3. Transmission Modes

- Common vectors: fleas, lice, ticks, and the role of arthropod vectors in Bartonella transmission.

- Other transmission routes: animal scratches/bites (particularly from cats), contaminated needles / blood transfusions.

4. Pathogenesis of Bartonella

- Initial entry and dissemination through the circulatory system.

- Predilection for endothelial cells and specific mechanisms of endothelial cell invasion.

- Role of Bartonella adhesin A and its interaction with fibronectin and integrins.

- Signaling pathways and cytoskeletal changes leading to endocytosis.

5. Immune Evasion and Infection Persistence

- Intracellular residency in endothelial cells to evade neutrophils.

- Ability to infect and persist in red blood cells and macrophages.

- Impact on lymph nodes and immune response leading to swollen lymph nodes.

6. Clinical Manifestations

- Specific diseases caused by different Bartonella species:

- Bartonella henselae: Cat scratch fever

- Bartonella quintana: Trench fever

- Bartonella bacilliformis: Carrion’s disease

- Symptoms of Bartonella infections, including swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, and skin markings.

- Severe cases leading to Bacillary Angiomatosis and vascular-related skin lesions.

7. Summary and Implications

- Recap of Bartonella’s impact as a Lyme co-infection.

- Reminder of the diversity of Bartonella species and their varied clinical presentations.

- Importance of tailored medical guidance due to the complexity of co-infections.

Thank you to our episode sponsor:

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In this episode, we explore the intricacies of neuronal communication, delving into how neurons transmit signals through synaptic connections using neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA. We also examine the effects of neurotoxins, such as heavy metals and environmental pollutants, on these critical synaptic pathways, leading to cognitive and neurological impairments. Lastly, we discuss neuroprotective strategies to mitigate neurotoxin exposure and promote optimal brain health.

Topics:

1. Overview of Brain Cell Anatomy

- Types of brain cells: neurons and glial cells.

- Structure of neurons:

- Soma (cell body): contains nucleus and organelles.

- Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons.

- Axon: transmits electrical impulses away from the soma.

- Synaptic terminals: form synapses with target cells.

2. Neuronal Communication

- Synapse structure:

- Presynaptic terminal.

- Synaptic cleft.

- Postsynaptic membrane.

- Neurotransmitters:

- Role in neuronal communication.

- Excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate).

- Inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA).

3. Summary of Neuronal Communication

- Recap of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.

- Importance of maintaining proper neuronal communication.

4. Neurotoxins and Their Effects

- Types of neurotoxins:

- Heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, aluminum).

- Chemical neurotoxins (e.g., organophosphates, solvents).

- Biological toxins (e.g., mycotoxins).

- Environmental pollutants (e.g., PCBs, dioxins).

- Mechanisms of neurotoxin damage:

- Disruption of neurotransmitter release.

- Impairment of receptor function.

- Interference with ion channel operation.

5. Example: Mercury's Impact on Cognitive Function

- Pathway of mercury exposure and accumulation in the brain.

- Disruption of calcium homeostasis and synaptic transmission.

- Resulting cognitive impairments.

6. Strategies to Reduce Neurotoxin Exposure

- Nutrition:

- Opting for organic produce.

- Washing produce properly.

- Avoiding MSG and aspartame.

- Limiting aluminum exposure (baking powder).

- Evaluating cookware.

- Avoiding farmed salmon.

- Water and air quality:

- Using water filtration to remove fluoride.

- Choosing fluoride-free toothpaste.

- Improving air quality and mold remediation.

- Using air-purifying plants (e.g., aloe vera, English ivy).

- Reducing exposure to places with highly-concentrated neurotoxic chemicals (e.g., nail salons).

Thank you to our episode sponsor:

⁠⁠⁠Tremetes, LLC⁠

Use code CHLOE15 to get 15% off ⁠Tremetes' Turkey Tail⁠

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In this episode, we explore the role of probiotics in managing histamine levels and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), particularly in the context of rebuilding the gut microbiome. We discuss which probiotic strains could contribute to symptoms (in the short term) due to their histamine-producing properties, such as Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus reuteri, and we highlight beneficial strains that degrade histamine, including Lactobacillus plantarum.

Topics:

1. Introduction to Histamine and Mast Cell Activation

- Overview of histamine and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)

- Understanding histamine production

2. Breakdown of White Blood Cells (WBCs)

- Origin of WBCs from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

- Categories of WBCs: granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes

3. Examination of Granulocytes

- Neutrophils: Role in bacterial infections

- Eosinophils: Role in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

- Basophils: Involvement in inflammatory and allergic responses through histamine release

- Mast Cells: Similarities to basophils, maturation in tissues, and histamine release

4. Examination of Agranulocytes

- Monocytes: Phagocytic function and differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells

- Lymphocytes:

- T cells: Subtypes and their functions (helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells)

- B cells: Antibody-mediated immunity

- NK cells

5. Mast Cells vs. Basophils

- Location and function comparison

- Importance in histamine production

6. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS)

- Triggers of MCAS (infections, environmental exposures, dietary factors, genetic predispositions)

- Focus on addressing root causes (lyme?, mold?, candida?, SIBO?, ...)

7. Probiotic Use in the Context of MCAS

- Probiotics and pathogenic microbes in the context of mast cell activation

8. Example: Candida and Mast Cell Interaction

- Recognition of Candida by mast cells through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

- Activation pathways and release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

9. Probiotics and Histamine Production

- Probiotic strains that produce histamine

- Lactobacillus casei,

- Lactobacillus reuteri,

- Lactobacillus bulgaricus...

- Probiotic strains that do not produce histamine and/or degrade histamine

- Bifidobacterium infantis,

- Bifidobacterium longum,

- Bifidobacterium bifidum,

- Bifidobacterium breve,

- Lactobacillus plantarum,

- Lactobacillus rhamnosus,

- Lactobacillus gasseri,

- Lactobacillus salivarius

Thank you to our episode sponsors:

⁠⁠⁠Liver Medic⁠⁠⁠⁠

Use code Chloe20 to save 20% on ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠"Leaky Gut Repair"⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

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Tremetes, LLC

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Today we are diving into the world of natural turkey tail mushroom supplements. I am excited to introduce our special guest, the founder and owner of Tremetes, LLC.

Our guest today brings nearly two decades of broad commercial experience with some of the world’s leading global life science companies. With extensive knowledge across multiple therapeutic areas such as diabetes, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and oncology, he has a profound understanding of the healthcare landscape. This wealth of experience has been instrumental in the successful creation and growth of Tremetes, LLC, where precision and quality are paramount.

At Tremetes, LLC, our guest has spearheaded the sustainable cultivation of turkey tail mushrooms, employing advanced techniques to ensure the highest quality product. His commitment to natural health solutions and rigorous testing for safety underscores his dedication to providing consumers with top-tier turkey tail supplements.

Topics:

1. Introduction

- The Pacific Yew Tree and the discovery of endophytic fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the tree.

2. Historical Discoveries

- Penicillin discovery

3. Nature’s Complex Solutions

- Nature's intricate methods for solving complex problems compared to the simple "single hammer" approach

4. Turkey Tail Mushrooms

- Traditional uses

- Explanation of polysaccharides

- Overview of PSK, PSP, and Beta Glucans

- Use in Asian cancer treatments

- Immune system modulation

5. Mushroom Supplement Industry

- Prevalence of products from China/India with misleading "packaged in USA" labels

- Common use of extracts and fillers with unclear content

- Most US supplies consist of mycelium biomass

- Genuine turkey tail products are rare and often not produced in clean environments

- Turkey tail mushrooms are common in forests but difficult to find

6. Tremetes

- Focus on authenticity, quality, and education

- Small batch facility ensuring high standards of cleanliness and control

- Detailed practices and facility operations

- Products are rigorously tested by third-party labs

- Instructions on extracting polysaccharides for maximum benefit

- Answering the question “How long should I take this?”

- Recipes

Check out Tremetes, LLC

Use code CHLOE15 for 15% off your Turkey Tail Mushroom order

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This episode dives into the emerging concept of psychobiotics, exploring how these live (probiotic) microorganisms can positively impact mental health by interacting with the gut-brain axis. We'll provide an in-depth look at the anatomy of the gut lining and the enteric nervous system, explaining how these pathways facilitate communication between the gut and the brain. Additionally, we'll spotlight the psychobiotic Bifidobacterium longum 1714, detailing its mechanisms and benefits for stress and anxiety relief.

Topics:

1. General Overview of Psychobiotics

- Definition and origin of the term "psychobiotics".

- Mental health benefits: alleviating anxiety, depression, enhancing cognitive function, and stress resilience.

- Introduction to the gut-brain axis.

2. The Gut-Brain Axis

- Detailed explanation of the gut-brain axis.

- Overview of the divisions of the nervous system (CNS and PNS).

- Further division of the PNS into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

- Division of the autonomic nervous system.

- Detailed structure and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS).

3. Gut Lining Anatomy

- Layers of the gut lining from the inside out: gut lumen, mucus layers, intestinal epithelium.

- Structure and function of the intestinal epithelium and its renewal process.

- The role of villi and microvilli in increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption.

- Overview of the lamina propria and its immune components.

- Overview of the muscularis mucosae

4. Submucosa and Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

- Description of the submucosa and its components (blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves).

- Detailed structure and function of the submucosal (Meissner's) plexus.

- Beyond the submucosa: muscularis externa and the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus.

- Interaction between the ENS and the vagus nerve.

5. Psychobiotics in Action: Bifidobacterium longum 1714

- Introduction to Bifidobacterium longum 1714 and its mental health benefits.

- Production of key metabolites (SCFAs, serotonin, GABA) and their roles.

- Interaction of metabolites with the ENS and the vagus nerve.

- Detailed pathway of signals from the gut to the brain.

6. Other Notable Psychobiotics

- Quick overview of other psychobiotics studied for mood regulation:

- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

- Lactobacillus helveticus R0052

- Bifidobacterium breve M-16V

- Lactobacillus casei Shirota

- Bifidobacterium infantis 35624

- Lactobacillus plantarum PS128

Thank you to our episode sponsor:

⁠⁠Liver Medic⁠⁠⁠

Use code Chloe20 to save 20% on ⁠⁠⁠⁠"Leaky Gut Repair"⁠⁠⁠⁠

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⁠⁠⁠⁠https://x.com/livermedic⁠⁠⁠⁠

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In this episode, we explore the science behind microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), focusing on their effects on the liver and gut microbiome. We'll examine how these particles can disrupt cellular functions in hepatocytes, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation, and we will also discuss recent research findings related to MP exposure and gut dysbiosis. We will finish by addressing several strategies to reduce exposure.

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Introduction to microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs)

- Overview of their impact on the body, focusing on the liver and gut microbiome

2. Understanding Microplastics and Nanoplastics

- Definition and differentiation of MPs and NPs

- MPs: Plastic particles less than 5 millimeters (mm) in length

- NPs: Subset of MPs, less than 1 micrometer (µm) in size

- Sources of MPs and NPs

- Primary MPs: Intentionally manufactured small particles (e.g., microbeads, nurdles, microfibers)

- Secondary MPs: Degradation of larger plastic objects (e.g., cutting boards)

3. Chemical Composition of Microplastics

- Overview of common polymers found in MPs

- Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS), Polyurethane (PU), Nylon, Acrylic

- Examples of products containing these polymers (e.g., bottled water, cutting boards, clothing)

4. Health Implications: Impact on Liver Cells

- Cellular impact of MPs and NPs

- Intracellular and extracellular presence

- Specific polymers studied: PET, PE, PP

- Mechanisms of cellular disruption

- Disruption of mitochondrial membranes

- Loss of membrane potential

- Decreased ATP production and energy deprivation

- Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress

- Activation of Kupffer cells and chronic inflammation

- Concern for fatty liver disease and insulin resistance

5. Health Implications: Impact on Gut Microbiome

- Overview of gut dysbiosis caused by MPs

- Physical interaction with gut microorganisms

- Chemical effects and associated additives

- MPs as carriers for other pollutants or pathogens

- Consequences of dysbiosis beyond the gut

6. Practical Tips to Reduce Exposure to MPs and NPs

- Use reusable shopping bags

- Use a water filter

- Avoid single-use plastic products

- Choose glass or stainless steel containers

- Buy products with minimal plastic packaging

- Opt for natural fiber clothing

- Use biodegradable or eco-friendly cleaning products

- Avoid personal care products with microbeads

- Replace plastic kitchen utensils with wooden or metal alternatives

- Choose bar soap instead of liquid soap

- Avoid plastic cutting boards; opt for wood

- Use alternatives to plastic wrap (e.g., beeswax wraps)

Thank you to our episode sponsors:

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We are honored to have Cory Rasmussen and Dallin Hardy from Hardy Nutritionals on the podcast. Cory oversees the company's financial activities, including strategy, accounting, and reporting. Dallin, a research scientist, focuses on nutraceutical product development, consulting health professionals on micronutrients, and collaborating on research in integrative psychiatry.

We'll explore how broad-spectrum micronutrient supplements can support mental health while also diving into some amazing mental-health-focused research studies utilizing "Daily Essential Nutrients."

Topics:

1. Motivation for and Development of Hardy Nutritionals

2. Role of Micronutrients in Mental Health

- Effects of nutrient deficiencies on the body's systems

- Importance of micronutrients in supporting mental health

- Micronutrients crossing the blood-brain barrier

3. Superior Mineral Forms and Chelation

- Identification of superior mineral forms

- Mimicking nature's complexity through the use of chelation

4. Research Studies on Micronutrients

- Impact of micronutrients on pregnancy and antenatal depression

5. Gut Microbiome and Mental Health

- Influence of the gut microbiome on mental health

- Correlation of specific microflora imbalances with mental health conditions (e.g., ADHD, depression, Bipolar, OCD)

- Effects of the gut microbiome on micronutrient absorption

- Importance of greens, probiotics, and supplements like olive leaf extract

6. Products and Getting Started

- Approaches for managing general daily stressors and anxieties

- Overview of Daily Essential Nutrients and added vitamers

- Explanation of vitamers

Check out Hardy Nutritionals here

Check out "Daily Essential Nutrients" here

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In today's episode, we dive into the APOE4 gene variant and its significant role in neurodegeneration, particularly Alzheimer's disease. We'll start by exploring the basics of the APOE gene, its expression in the liver and brain, and how it impacts lipid metabolism. Finally, we'll discuss the specific challenges faced by APOE4 carriers and offer practical strategies, including lifestyle changes and supplements, to help combat neurodegeneration and support brain health.

Topics:

1. What is the APOE Gene?

- Overview of the APOE gene's location and structure

- Importance of APOE gene expression in various tissues

- Prominent in the liver, brain (especially in astrocytes), and macrophages

- Lesser extent in kidneys and adrenal glands

2. APOE Gene Expression in the Liver

- Synthesis of ApoE protein by liver cells (hepatocytes)

- Incorporation of ApoE into lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

- Transport of triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral tissues

- Role of ApoE in receptor-mediated clearance of lipid particles from the bloodstream

3. APOE Gene Expression in the Brain

- Primary expression and production by astrocytes (a type of glial cell)

- Differences between systemic lipid transport (liver) and localized brain environment

- Binding of lipids by ApoE to form specialized lipoprotein particles

- Transport of lipoprotein particles to neurons and other brain cells

- Importance of lipids for:

- Membrane integrity

- Synapse formation

- Repair and maintenance

4. APOE Gene Variants and Neurodegeneration

- Overview of APOE gene variants: ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4

- Impact of each variant on lipid metabolism

- Prevalence of ApoE4 allele (15-25% of the population)

- ApoE4 protein's reduced efficiency in lipid binding and transport

- Structural differences affecting receptor binding on neurons

- Consequences of lipid deficiency on neuronal function and health

- Compromised mitochondrial membrane integrity and increased oxidative stress

5. APOE4 and Alzheimer's Disease

- Role of ApoE4 in reduced clearance of amyloid-beta from the brain

- Increased likelihood of amyloid plaques forming

- Comparative lifetime risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) for ApoE4 carriers

6. Combating Neurodegeneration with APOE4

- Lifestyle factors to mitigate AD risk:

- Exercise

- Brain training exercises

- Non-processed foods

- Mediterranean diet and low glycemic diets

- Specific supplements for neuroprotection:

- Oleic acid (extra virgin olive oil)

- Polyphenols (including apple polyphenols)

- Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA)

- Vitamin D3, K2

- Quercetin

- Curcumin

- Vitamin E

- Resveratrol

- Magnesium

- Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

- B Vitamins (B6, B9, B12)

- Phosphatidylserine

- Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Thank you to our episode sponsors:

⁠GenuinePurity⁠ Use code CHLOE20 to get $20 off

⁠GenuinePurity NMN⁠

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⁠GenuinePurity Fisetin⁠

Hardy Nutritionals

Hardy Nutritionals' Daily Essential Nutrients

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In this episode, we dive into the critical process of methylation and its significance in detoxification, mood regulation, and overall cellular function. We explain the step-by-step conversion of dietary folate to its active form and how gene mutations can impair this process, leading to reduced SAMe levels, high homocysteine, and various health issues. Finally, we discuss practical strategies to support methylation through dietary choices and targeted supplementation.

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of previous discussions on Lyme and its coinfections (Babesia and Bartonella)

- Transition to the importance of supporting detoxification pathways

2. The Role of Methylation in Health

- Definition and significance of methylation

- Importance in detoxification, mood, energy, and gene activation

3. Methylation Process

- Biochemical explanation of methylation

- Key molecules involved: S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), methionine, ATP

- Dietary sources and conversion process of folate (vitamin B9)

4. Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

- Step-by-step process from dietary folate to SAMe

- Enzymatic conversions: DHFR, MTHFR

- Role of active folate (L-5-MTHF) in methylation

5. Gene Mutations and Their Impact

- Common MTHFR gene mutations: C677T and A1298C

- Effects of reduced MTHFR enzyme activity

- Consequences: elevated homocysteine levels, reduced SAMe production

6. Consequences of Impaired Methylation

- DNA methylation and gene expression

- Neurotransmitter synthesis and mental health

- Detoxification efficiency

- Accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid

7. Supporting Methylation

- Dietary strategies:

- Emphasizing natural folate intake

- Food sources: leafy greens, legumes, fruits

- Supplementation strategies:

- Ensuring adequate intake of vitamin B12 and B6

- Using L-5-MTHF instead of synthetic folic acid

- Trimethylglycine (TMG) supplementation

Thank you to our episode sponsor: GenuinePurity

Use code CHLOE20 to get $20 off

GenuinePurity NMN

GenuinePurity NR

GenuinePurity Spermidine

GenuinePurity Trans-Resveratrol

GenuinePurity Fisetin

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