The Root Cause Medicine Podcast

On the Root Cause Medicine Podcast, Dr. Lara Zakaria joins Dr. Malisa Carulo to explore specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), omega-3-derived precursors, and emerging pain research, with a focus on evidence limits and clinical decision-making.

1. Distinguish SPMs from their precursors. TSPMs are lipid signals that help steer inflammation toward resolution. (Serhan 2018) SPM-focused marine-oil supplements contain upstream intermediates, a few enzymatic steps closer to finished SPMs than EPA and DHA, but these are not equivalent to finished SPMs. (Souza 2020)
2. Separate mechanisms from clinical outcomes.  condition.Mechanistic research outpaces human trials, which so far center on pain and musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoarthritis. (Callan 2020) (Möller 2023) Evidence does not yet support broad benefits for autoimmune disease, gut health, or every inflammatory condition.
3. Keep clinical response central. The conversation emphasizes pain, stiffness, and mobility alongside foundational care. Acute high-dose strategies and bedtime use are discussed as anecdotes, not validated protocols.

Dr. Malisa Carulo holds a doctorate in naturopathic medicine and an MS in biology. Introduced as Senior Manager of Medical Information and Safety at Metagenics, her interests include chronic disease, healthy aging, and sports medicine.

1. What are specialized pro-resolving mediators?

SPMs, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins, as lipid signals involved in the active resolution of inflammation. (Serhan 2018)

2. How do SPM-focused supplements differ from fish oil?

The guest distinguishes EPA and DHA from downstream intermediates such as 18-HEPE, 17-HDHA, and 14-HDHA. This distinction alone does not establish superior clinical outcomes. (Möller 2023)

3. What evidence for SPMs and joint pain does the episode discuss?

The guest highlights early human research in musculoskeletal pain, including osteoarthritis, while acknowledging that clinical evidence remains limited relative to mechanistic research. (Callan 2020) (Möller 2023)

4. Are SPM supplements established therapies for autoimmune or gut conditions?

The discussion does not establish that use. The guest describes clinical experiences and biological hypotheses rather than condition-specific evidence sufficient to support broad treatment claims.

5. Does the episode establish an SPM dosing protocol?

No. Studies have used doses ranging from about 250 mg per day in early research to 500 mg and 1 g in human trials, but the guest cautions that evidence-guided dosing recommendations remain limited. (Callan 2020) (Möller 2023)

03:56 SPM biology and marine-oil intermediates

07:42 Conversion pathways and inflammation resolution

11:15 Mechanistic research versus human evidence

13:21 Evaluating formulations and clinical outcomes

18:44 Measurement limitations and pain research

24:38 Dosing discussion and anecdotal strategies

30:25 Tracking pain, stiffness, and mobility

Disclaimer

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the hosts and the guests, and they don't necessarily reflect the views of FullScript or any affiliated organizations. This podcast is for informational and educational purposes only, and it's not intended to be medical advice. For your safety, always check with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your healthcare routine.

References

1. Callan, N., Hanes, D., & Bradley, R. (2020). Early evidence of efficacy for orally administered SPM-enriched marine lipid fraction on quality of life and pain in a sample of adults with chronic pain. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), Article 401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02569-5
2. Möller, I., Rodas, G., Villalón, J. M., Rodas, J. A., Angulo, F., Martínez, N., & Vergés, J. (2023). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of treatment with an SPMs-enriched oil on chronic pain and inflammation, functionality, and quality of life in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: GAUDI study. Journal of Translational Medicine, 21(1), Article 423. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04283-4 
3. Serhan, C. N., & Levy, B. D. (2018). Resolvins in inflammation: Emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 128(7), 2657–2669. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI97943
4. Souza, P. R., Marques, R. M., Gomez, E. A., Colas, R. A., De Matteis, R., Zak, A., Patel, M., Collier, D. J., & Dalli, J. (2020). Enriched marine oil supplements increase peripheral blood specialized pro-resolving mediators concentrations and reprogram host immune responses: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Circulation Research, 126(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315506

Dr. Kate Kresge is joined by psychiatrist James Greenblatt, MD, to discuss themes from his book Finally Hopeful, including nutrition, depression, laboratory assessment, and antidepressant withdrawal.

Clinical Takeaways

• Depression warrants a broad clinical assessment. Symptoms may overlap with medical conditions and nutritional deficiencies. (Bode 2021) (Lee 2020) (Bender 2017) The episode discusses thyroid function, iron, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, and other factors as part of a broader evaluation—not as universal causes of depression.
• Antidepressant discontinuation should be individualized. Abruptly stopping an antidepressant can cause withdrawal symptoms. (Henssler 2024) (Horowitz 2019) Gradual, clinician-supervised tapering is important; nutritional status may also be considered, although supplementation has not been established as a way to prevent withdrawal. (Horowitz 2019)
• Nutrition can be considered within whole-person mental healthcare. Protein, amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, zinc, and magnesium are discussed. Testing and supplementation should reflect individual needs rather than assuming a common deficiency.

Guest: James Greenblatt, MD

James Greenblatt, MD, is a psychiatrist and educator in integrative and functional psychiatry. He discusses a whole-person framework for evaluating depression, nutritional status, and antidepressant discontinuation.

Clinician FAQ

1. Can nutritional deficiencies contribute to depressive symptoms?

Yes, nutritional status can be clinically relevant, but depression is multifactorial. (Bender 2017) (Malhi 2018) The episode discusses iron, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, zinc, and other nutrients clinicians may evaluate when appropriate.

2. Why distinguish antidepressant withdrawal from depression?

Withdrawal can occur when antidepressants are reduced or stopped, and symptoms may overlap with psychiatric symptoms. (Henssler 2024) (Horowitz 2019) Distinguishing withdrawal from recurrence of depression is important during discontinuation. (Horowitz 2019) 

3. Should nutritional status be assessed before antidepressant tapering?

The episode proposes evaluating nutritional status before and during tapering. Medication changes should be individualized and managed with the prescribing clinician.

4. What role do amino acids play in mental health?

Amino acids from dietary protein are precursors for many biologically important molecules, including neurotransmitters. (Tang 2025) The episode discusses amino acid assessment as part of Dr. Greenblatt’s clinical approach.

5. Why screen for medical conditions in patients with depression?

Some medical conditions may produce symptoms that resemble or coexist with depression. (Bode 2021) (Lee 2020) (Clappison 2020) The episode highlights thyroid disorders, anemia, and celiac disease as examples clinicians may investigate when clinically indicated.

Key Moments

03:44 Whole-person framework for depression

07:46 Antidepressant withdrawal

11:29 Nutritional assessment before tapering

23:23 Amino acids and nutrition

37:26 B vitamins and minerals

46:15 Depression and celiac disease case

Disclaimer

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the hosts and the guests, and they don't necessarily reflect the views of Fullscript or any affiliated organizations. This podcast is for informational and educational purposes only, and it's not intended to be medical advice. For your safety, always check with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your healthcare routine.

References

1. Bender, A., Hagan, K. E., & Kingston, N. (2017). The association of folate and depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.019
2. Bode, H., Ivens, B., Bschor, T., Schwarzer, G., Henssler, J., & Baethge, C. (2021). Association of hypothyroidism and clinical depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(12), 1375–1383. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2506
3. Clappison, E., Hadjivassiliou, M., & Zis, P. (2020). Psychiatric manifestations of coeliac disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010142
4. Henssler, J., Schmidt, Y., Schmidt, U., Schwarzer, G., Bschor, T., & Baethge, C. (2024). Incidence of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 11(7), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00133-0
5. Horowitz, M. A., & Taylor, D. (2019). Tapering of SSRI treatment to mitigate withdrawal symptoms. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(6), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30032-X
6. Lee, Y.-J., & Kim, H.-B. (2020). Association between anaemia and adult depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(7), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-213842
7. Malhi, G. S., & Mann, J. J. (2018). Depression. The Lancet, 392(10161), 2299–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2
8. Tang, J., Krushelnycky, L., Shaqo, A., & Cho, C. E. (2025). A comprehensive review of nutritional influences on the serotonergic system. Advances in Nutrition, 16(11), 100524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100524

Dr. Holly Lucille, ND, is joined by Lara Zakaria, PharmD, MS, CNS, to discuss what people can do when a scratchy throat, fatigue, or other early respiratory symptoms begin. The conversation covers rest and recovery, respiratory virus testing, zinc, vitamin C, elderberry, echinacea, honey, green tea, garlic, ginger, turmeric, and practical ways to prepare for cold and flu season.

Early symptoms of COVID-19, influenza, and other respiratory infections can overlap, making symptom pattern alone an unreliable way to identify the cause. Testing, individual risk factors, symptom severity, and timing can all affect the appropriate next step. (CDC 2026a) (CDC 2025) 

Clinical Takeaways

• Start with the fundamentals: rest, fluids, testing when appropriate, and risk assessment. Most uncomplicated colds improve without specific treatment, and supportive measures such as adequate rest and fluids remain foundational. (CDC 2026b) Testing can help distinguish respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and influenza when the result may affect treatment or precautions, particularly for patients at higher risk of severe illness. (CDC 2025) 
• Zinc and vitamin C have different levels of evidence for the common cold. Zinc has been studied extensively, particularly as lozenges started early in a cold, but results vary substantially by formulation, dose, and study design. (Nault 2024) (Hemilä 2017) (Hemilä 2020) Regular vitamin C supplementation may modestly shorten cold duration, while evidence for starting vitamin C only after symptoms appear has been less consistent. Long-term or excessive zinc supplementation also warrants attention because sustained high intake can interfere with copper status. (NIH 2022)
• Botanical evidence is ingredient- and formulation-specific. (Karsch-Völk 2014) Elderberry and echinacea have both been studied for respiratory infections, but findings are mixed and should not be generalized across products. (Wieland 2021) (Karsch-Völk 2014) (David 2019) Evidence for elderberry remains limited and uncertain, while echinacea studies vary considerably according to species, plant part, extraction method, and formulation. (Wieland 2021) (Karsch-Völk 2014) Garlic, green tea, ginger, turmeric, and honey may have nutritional or symptom-support roles, but they should not be presented as established treatments for viral respiratory infections. (Lissiman 2014) (Abuelgasim 2021)

Guest: Lara Zakaria, PharmD, MS, CNS

Lara Zakaria is a pharmacist and clinical nutritionist with a background spanning community pharmacy, functional medicine, and personalized nutrition. In this episode, she discusses how conventional pharmacy knowledge and nutrition can be brought together when thinking about early respiratory symptoms, supplement use, and practical supportive care.

Clinician FAQ

1. What should patients do when they first feel a cold coming on?

Supportive care is a reasonable starting point for uncomplicated symptoms. Rest, adequate fluids, and attention to symptom progression can help patients through a typical viral illness. Testing for COVID-19 or influenza may also be useful when results could affect treatment or precautions, particularly in higher-risk patients. (CDC 2026b) (CDC 2025)

Patients at increased risk for severe respiratory illness should contact a healthcare provider promptly because prescription antiviral treatment for influenza and COVID-19 is time-sensitive. (CDC 2026a)

2. Does zinc shorten a cold?

Possibly, but the evidence is formulation-dependent. (Nault 2024) Trials of zinc lozenges have produced conflicting findings, with some showing shorter illness duration and others showing no meaningful benefit. (Hemilä 2017) (Hemilä 2020) Differences in zinc salt, formulation, dose, timing, and lozenge composition complicate comparisons across studies. (Nault 2024)

This means findings from a specific zinc-lozenge trial should not automatically be extrapolated to zinc supplements in general. Prolonged high zinc intake can also impair copper absorption, making duration and total intake relevant to safety. (NIH 2022)

3. Should vitamin C be started when cold symptoms appear?

The evidence is stronger for regular supplementation than for starting vitamin C after symptoms begin. A large systematic review found that routine vitamin C supplementation did not substantially reduce cold incidence in the general population but was associated with modest reductions in cold duration. (Hemilä 2013) Trials starting vitamin C therapeutically after symptom onset have not demonstrated a consistent benefit. (Hemilä 2013) 

Practitioners should therefore distinguish evidence for ongoing vitamin C intake from evidence for using vitamin C as an acute intervention.

4. Do elderberry and echinacea help with colds and respiratory infections?

The evidence is mixed. A systematic review of elderberry found that it may reduce the duration or severity of some viral respiratory illnesses, but the certainty of the evidence was insufficient for firm conclusions. (Wieland 2021) Echinacea research is complicated by substantial differences among preparations. (Karsch-Völk 2014) Systematic reviews and individual trials have reached differing conclusions, and some well-controlled studies have not found significant reductions in cold duration or severity. (Karsch-Völk 2014) (David 2019) Product-specific evidence matters when interpreting these findings.

5. When should respiratory symptoms prompt testing or medical evaluation?

Testing becomes particularly important when identifying COVID-19 or influenza could change treatment or precautions. (CDC 2025) Patients at higher risk for severe illness should seek healthcare promptly because antiviral treatments for influenza and COVID-19 work best when initiated early. (CDC 2026a) (CDC 2026b) Trouble breathing, chest pain or pressure, confusion, inability to stay awake, dehydration, severe weakness, or symptoms that improve and then significantly worsen warrant prompt medical assessment. (CDC 2026a)

Timestamps / Key Moments

00:03:00 Early signs that an illness may be developing

00:04:00 Temperature, heart rate, and HRV changes

00:06:35 When testing and medical evaluation may be appropriate

00:08:46 Why rest and recovery matter

00:09:55 Respiratory virus testing and RSV

00:12:15 Vitamin C and zinc

00:14:35 Vitamin C formulations and intake

00:15:24 Zinc supplements and lozenges

00:17:15 Long-term zinc intake and copper balance

00:20:30 Vitamin D status and seasonal preparation

00:22:33 Elderberry, echinacea, honey, and other botanicals

00:26:45 Symptom relief versus the underlying infection

00:30:20 Echinacea preparations

00:32:47 Green tea and EGCG

00:34:10 Garlic and allicin

00:35:15 Ginger and turmeric

00:36:49 Building a practical early-symptom toolkit

Nutrients and botanicals discussed

• Zinc
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin D
• Elderberry
• Echinacea
• Honey
• Manuka honey
• Green tea
• EGCG
• Garlic
• Allicin
• Ginger
• Turmeric

Supportive strategies discussed

• Rest and sleep
• Hydration
• Respiratory virus testing
• Monitoring symptoms
• Reviewing wearable trends
• Warm fluids and tea
• Supplement preparation before cold and flu season
• Evaluating zinc intake and copper balance
• Individualizing supplement use

Want to elevate your practice?

This episode is sponsored by Fullscript, a comprehensive care delivery platform designed to support whole-person, integrative healthcare. Fullscript helps clinicians bring supplement dispensing, lab ordering, and patient education into one centralized workflow.

For more practitioner education on supplements, nutrition, and evidence-informed clinical care, visit Fullscript Academy at academy.fullscript.com.

Disclaimer

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the host and guest and do not necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or affiliated organizations. This episode is for informational and educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Dietary supplements can cause adverse effects and interact with medications. Patients should consult a qualified healthcare professional when symptoms are severe, persistent, worsening, or when individual health conditions or medications may affect appropriate care.

References

1. Abuelgasim, H., Albury, C., & Lee, J. (2021). Effectiveness of honey for symptomatic relief in upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 26(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111336
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025, August 18). Testing and respiratory viruses. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/testing.html
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026a, September 10). About respiratory illnesses. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/about/index.html
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026b, March 11). Manage common cold. https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/treatment/index.html
5. David, S., & Cunningham, R. (2019). Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 44, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011
6. Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(1), Article CD000980. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4
7. Hemilä, H., Fitzgerald, J. T., Petrus, E. J., & Prasad, A. (2017). Zinc acetate lozenges may improve the recovery rate of common cold patients: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 4(2), ofx059. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx059
8. Hemilä, H., Haukka, J., Alho, M., Vahtera, J., & Kivimäki, M. (2020). Zinc acetate lozenges for the treatment of the common cold: A randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 10(1), e031662. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031662
9. Karsch-Völk, M., Barrett, B., Kiefer, D., Bauer, R., Ardjomand-Woelkart, K., & Linde, K. (2014). Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014(2), Article CD000530. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3
10. Lissiman, E., Bhasale, A. L., & Cohen, M. (2014). Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014(11), Article CD006206. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4
11. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022). Copper: Fact sheet for health professionals. Retrieved October 21, 2026, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/
12. Nault, D., Machingo, T. A., Shipper, A. G., Antiporta, D. A., Hamel, C., Nourouzpour, S., Konstantinidis, M., Phillips, E., Lipski, E. A., & Wieland, L. S. (2024). Zinc for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024(5), Article CD014914. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014914.pub2
13. Wieland, L. S., Piechotta, V., Feinberg, T., Ludeman, E., Hutton, B., Kanji, S., Seely, D., & Garritty, C. (2021). Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: A systematic review. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03283-5

Health Meets Wellness: The App and Dr. Edens’ Story

Dr. Elizabeth Sharp Edens is the founder of Health Meets Wellness, an integrative practice where every patient gets three plans: a medical plan, a movement plan and a nutrition plan. Guideline-based medicine is her North Star, and she layers in nutrition, yoga, herbal therapies and acupuncture, with dietitians on her team. It’s whole-person care built around how each patient actually lives.

But she didn’t stop at the exam room. She’s spent three years building the Health Meets Wellness app to bring that same care to patients between visits, and to people far beyond her own practice. It features meal plans, photo food logging, an AI health coach, symptom tracking for patients on GLP-1s, yoga videos she filmed herself, and 20-minute, no-equipment strength workouts developed with a former Milwaukee Bucks performance lead. Now it’s being rebranded for women, with cycle tracking that adapts meal and exercise plans to each phase. There’s a free version, and practitioners can use it with their own patients.

Elizabeth is double board-certified in internal medicine and obesity medicine, certified in functional medicine and a certified yoga instructor, and her path ran through Mount Sinai, a healthcare startup and One Medical. We talk about how she built her practice and her app without a tech background, why she became a yoga teacher, and how she supports patients on GLP-1s with movement and nutrition.

If you love whole-person care but work in a hospital or conventional system without a roadmap, this one’s for you.

Timestamps

• 03:33 — What drew Dr. Elizabeth to medicine, and then to functional medicine
• 08:15 — What her practice looks like today
• 11:25 — From Mount Sinai to a startup to One Medical to her own practice
• 14:14 — How to find opportunities beyond one-to-one care
• 18:38 — Why she built an app, and why it’s designed for women
• 25:54 — Advice if you’re not tech-savvy
• 28:57 — Why she became a yoga teacher + fitting training into a full schedule
• 32:25 — Metabolic health and what she sees as non-negotiable with GLP-1s
• 35:41 — Movement on a GLP-1: building and measuring muscle at home

Want to elevate your practice? This episode is sponsored by Fullscript, a comprehensive care delivery platform designed to support whole-person, integrative healthcare. Fullscript allows clinicians to streamline supplement dispensing, lab ordering, and patient education in one free, centralized system—helping reduce administrative burden while supporting clinical decision-making. For practitioners, Fullscript offers access to professional-grade supplements, evidence-informed protocols, and lab integrations that can support more efficient planning and follow-up. For patients, it provides a clear, organized way to receive recommendations, manage refills, and stay engaged in their care. The goal is not to replace clinical judgment, but to make it easier for clinicians to focus on what matters most: thoughtful, individualized patient care.

Disclaimer: The views expressed on this podcast are those of the hosts and guests and don’t necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or any affiliated organizations. This podcast is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended to be medical advice. For your safety, always check with your doctor or healthcare provider before making changes to your health routine.

Dr. Oscar Coetzee joins Dr Lara Zakaria on the Root Cause Medicine Podcast to discuss emerging research on keystone commensal organisms and how microbial communities interact within the gut ecosystem.

The conversation focuses on organisms including Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Rather than viewing individual microbes in isolation, Dr. Coetzee describes an ecosystem model centered on cross-feeding, short-chain fatty acid production, and the intestinal environment.

The episode also notes an important context: research on next-generation commensals is still developing, meaning findings from mechanistic studies, case reports, and early clinical research offer initial insights that complement rather than replace evidence from larger randomized controlled trials. (Jan 2024) (Kern 2026)

• Keystone organisms are discussed as members of an interconnected ecosystem. The episode explores how organisms can produce metabolites or modify environmental conditions that may influence other members of the microbial community. (Belzer 2017) (Fusco 2023)
• Short-chain fatty acids are a major theme. Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia are discussed in relation to acetate, propionate, and butyrate production and their potential roles within the intestinal environment. (Martin-Gallausiaux 2021) (Tingler 2025)
• Clinical evidence remains emerging. Dr. Coetzee describes early clinical observations and studies in progress, while the conversation acknowledges the need for additional published research, including controlled trials, before broader clinical conclusions can be drawn. (Jan 2024) (Kern 2026)

Dr. Oscar Coetzee is Vice President of Clinical Education and Practitioner Support at Designs for Health. In the episode, he discusses his work in nutrition and microbiome research and his interest in next-generation commensal organisms.

His discussion centers on moving beyond a single-organism view of probiotics toward understanding microbial communities, cross-feeding, and the environment in which commensal organisms coexist.

They are microbes discussed for their potentially important roles within the broader gut ecosystem. (Rios Garza 2026)

The episode focuses on how selected commensals interact with other organisms and their environment rather than evaluating them solely by abundance. (Banerjee 2018)

The main organisms include Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis.

The conversation also discusses Anaerostipes caccae separately in the context of butyrate production and microbial cross-feeding. (Belzer 2017)

Cross-feeding describes how metabolites produced by one organism can serve as substrates or influence conditions for another. (Culp 2023) (Louis 2017)

The episode uses this concept to explain why microbial communities may be more informative than considering individual organisms in isolation. (Culp 2023)

They are microbial metabolites that form part of the communication between gut microbes and their environment. (Martin-Gallausiaux 2021)

The conversation highlights acetate, propionate, and butyrate while exploring how different commensal organisms contribute to their production. (Martin-Gallausiaux 2021)

Research on these next-generation commensals is still evolving. (Jan 2024) (Kern 2026)

The guest describes case observations, prospective studies, and additional research underway. These early findings can generate hypotheses, but they do not establish that a specific probiotic combination prevents or treats disease.

00:00:00 Introducing keystone commensal organisms

00:05:35 Why newer technology matters for anaerobic microbes

00:08:09 Moving beyond probiotic quantity and individual strains

00:13:32 Microbial compensation and ecosystem dynamics

00:18:00 Keystone organisms and emerging clinical observations

00:21:28 Akkermansia and microbial metabolites

00:24:08 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and butyrate

00:30:49 Roseburia and the anaerobic environment

00:32:24 Bifidobacterium species in the microbial community

00:35:52 Anaerostipes caccae and cross-feeding

00:39:58 Supporting the microbial ecosystem

00:44:18 Current research and evidence limitations

00:48:02 Clinical considerations and unanswered questions

01:02:15 Future research and closing discussion

This episode highlights an evolving way of thinking about the microbiome: not simply as a collection of individual organisms, but as an ecosystem shaped by microbial interactions, metabolites, available substrates, and environmental conditions.

For additional practitioner education on supplement quality and clinical decision-making, visit Fullscript Academy.

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the host and guest and do not necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or affiliated organizations.

This episode is for informational and educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Research on next-generation commensal organisms and related probiotic formulations is evolving, and emerging findings should be interpreted in the context of the strength and limitations of the available evidence.

1. Banerjee, S., Schlaeppi, K., & van der Heijden, M. G. A. (2018). Keystone taxa as drivers of microbiome structure and functioning. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(9), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0024-1
2. Belzer, C., Chia, L. W., Aalvink, S., Chamlagain, B., Piironen, V., Knol, J., & de Vos, W. M. (2017). Microbial metabolic networks at the mucus layer lead to diet-independent butyrate and vitamin B12 production by intestinal symbionts. mBio, 8(5), e00770-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00770-17
3. Culp, E. J., & Goodman, A. L. (2023). Cross-feeding in the gut microbiome: Ecology and mechanisms. Cell Host & Microbe, 31(4), 485–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.016
4. Fusco, W., Lorenzo, M. B., Cintoni, M., Porcari, S., Rinninella, E., Kaitsas, F., Lener, E., Mele, M. C., Gasbarrini, A., Collado, M. C., Cammarota, G., & Ianiro, G. (2023). Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: Key components of the human gut microbiota. Nutrients, 15(9), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092211
5. Jan, T., Negi, R., Sharma, B., Kumar, S., Singh, S., Rai, A. K., Shreaz, S., Rustagi, S., Chaudhary, N., Kaur, T., Kour, D., Sheikh, M. A., Kumar, K., Yadav, A. N., & Ahmed, N. (2024). Next generation probiotics for human health: An emerging perspective. Heliyon, 10(16), e35980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35980
6. Kern, L., Tofield, A., Frame, J., & Elinav, E. (2026). Next-generation probiotics: An outlook into current applications and future developments. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 24(8), 539–558. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-026-01311-0
7. Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2017). Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environmental Microbiology, 19(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13589
8. Martin-Gallausiaux, C., Marinelli, L., Blottière, H. M., Larraufie, P., & Lapaque, N. (2021). SCFA: Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 80(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665120006916
9. Rios Garza, D., Gonze, D., & Faust, K. (2026). Keystone concept revisited: Insights into microbial community dynamics and control. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 24(5), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-025-01266-8
10. Tingler, A. M., & Engevik, M. A. (2025). Breaking down barriers: Is intestinal mucus degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila beneficial or harmful? Infection and Immunity, 93(9), e0050324. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00503-24

Dr. Eric Viegas joins the Root Cause Medicine Podcast to discuss an often-overlooked part of evaluating botanical supplements for menopause: whether the product being used actually matches the ingredient that was studied.

The conversation focuses on five botanicals and botanical categories—black cohosh, Vitex (chasteberry), rhapontic rhubarb, maca, and soy isoflavones. Rather than framing individual herbs as simply effective or ineffective, Dr. Viegas emphasizes three considerations: identity, standardization, and patience.

Identity refers to confirming the correct plant species and plant part. Standardization addresses whether relevant constituents or studied extracts are consistently represented in a product. Patience refers to allowing an appropriate evaluation period rather than judging a botanical after only a few days of use.

• Botanical evidence is closely tied to the ingredient that was actually studied. Dr. Viegas emphasizes that results from research on a particular species, plant part, extract, or standardized preparation cannot automatically be generalized to every product carrying the same botanical name.
• Black cohosh has a substantial research history, but product characteristics matter. The episode discusses Actaea racemosa and the importance of confirming botanical identity, the appropriate plant part, and the characteristics of the extract being used. Standardized preparations feature prominently in the research discussed. (Castelo-Branco 2021) (NIDDK 2025) 
• Vitex is discussed primarily in the context of cyclical symptoms and perimenopause. Also known as chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus), Vitex is presented as having a stronger research history for premenstrual and cyclical symptoms than for classic postmenopausal symptoms. The episode also highlights variation in extracts and marker compounds. (Csupor 2019) 
• Rhapontic rhubarb illustrates the importance of extract-specific evidence. The discussion focuses on the studied rhapontic rhubarb extract ERr 731 rather than treating all rhubarb preparations as interchangeable. This provides an example of why practitioners should identify the exact preparation evaluated in clinical research. (Dubey 2024) 
• Maca presents additional standardization challenges. The episode discusses differences among maca varieties and processing methods and notes that there is not one universally dominant marker used across all products. Maca is discussed in relation to menopausal symptoms, mood, and sexual function without positioning it as a direct hormone replacement. (Lee 2011)
• Soy isoflavone response may vary between individuals and formulations. The conversation highlights differences among individual isoflavones and discusses equol production as one possible contributor to variability in response. (Mayo 2019)
• Time is part of interpreting a botanical trial. A recurring theme throughout the episode is that botanical interventions studied over weeks or months should not necessarily be judged after a very short trial. Appropriate duration depends on the ingredient, formulation, patient, and clinical context.

Dr. Eric Viegas is a naturopathic doctor based in Ottawa, Canada, and works with Fullscript’s quality program.

In the episode, he describes Fullscript’s approach to supplement quality, including supplier qualification and review of product documentation. He also discusses Fullscript Tested, a program in which products are selected from Fullscript distribution centers and submitted to third-party laboratories for testing related to factors such as identity, potency, and contaminants.

His discussion of menopause botanicals centers on connecting published research with the practical question practitioners face when evaluating supplements: Does the ingredient in the product correspond to the ingredient evaluated in the research?

Identity refers to confirming what botanical material is actually present, while standardization addresses consistency in relevant constituents or preparations.

Depending on the botanical, identity can include species, plant part, variety, and other characteristics. Standardization may involve a marker compound, defined extract, or another specification associated with the preparation used in research.

Because botanical research generally evaluates outcomes over a defined period rather than after only a few doses.

Dr. Viegas argues that stopping a botanical substantially earlier than the period evaluated in research can make it difficult to determine whether the preparation received a meaningful trial. The appropriate evaluation period varies by ingredient and clinical context.

Black cohosh is presented as a botanical for which product identity and extract characteristics can affect how research is interpreted.

The discussion focuses on Actaea racemosa, particularly root and rhizome preparations, and distinguishes studied standardized extracts from unspecified black cohosh products. (Castelo-Branco 2021) (NIDDK 2025)

The episode describes its strongest evidence base as being related to premenstrual and cyclical symptoms rather than classic menopause symptoms. (Csupor 2019)

Dr. Viegas discusses why Vitex may nevertheless appear in conversations about perimenopause and also notes that some research evaluates it as part of multi-ingredient botanical combinations.

The discussion centers on a specific studied extract rather than rhapontic rhubarb as a broad ingredient category.

Dr. Viegas identifies ERr 731 as the preparation featured in the research discussed during the episode. This serves as an example of why botanical extract identity can matter when translating research findings to commercial products. (Dubey 2024) 

The episode highlights botanical variety, processing, and the absence of a single universally dominant standardization marker. (Lee 2011)

Different maca varieties and processing approaches can make product-to-product comparisons more complicated than simply confirming that “maca” appears on the label.

Both formulation and individual biology may contribute to variation.

The episode discusses differences among isoflavones and describes the conversion of daidzein to equol by certain gut microorganisms as one potential source of individual variation. (Mayo 2019)

Not necessarily.

The episode emphasizes checking the species, plant part, preparation or extract, relevant standardization information, and other product specifications before assuming that findings from a particular study apply to another formulation.

00:00:00 Introducing menopause botanicals, identity, standardization, and patience

00:02:59 The three themes: identity, standardization, and patience

00:04:15 Black cohosh and its research history

00:07:41 Standardized black cohosh extracts and product testing

00:10:13 Vitex (chasteberry) and where it fits clinically

00:14:14 Introducing rhapontic rhubarb

00:16:28 Maca, menopause, libido, and mood

00:20:04 Soy isoflavones and the evidence discussion

00:21:15 Daidzein, equol, and individual response

00:22:54 Soy isoflavones and evaluation over time

00:25:08 Fullscript Academy and closing remarks

This episode highlights how botanical identity, standardization, formulation, and research design can affect the way practitioners interpret supplement evidence.

For additional practitioner education on supplement quality and clinical decision-making, visit Fullscript Academy.

The goal is not to reduce botanical selection to a single marker or label claim, but to help practitioners evaluate whether a product meaningfully corresponds to the ingredient and preparation described in the available evidence.

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the host and guest and do not necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or affiliated organizations.

This episode is for informational and educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Botanical supplements may have contraindications, adverse effects, and medication interactions, and suitability can vary by patient. Patients should consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to their healthcare routine.

1. Castelo-Branco, C., Gambacciani, M., Cano, A., Minkin, M. J., Rachoń, D., Ruan, X., Beer, A.-M., Schnitker, J., Henneicke-von Zepelin, H.-H., & Pickartz, S. (2021). Review & meta-analysis: Isopropanolic black cohosh extract iCR for menopausal symptoms – an update on the evidence. Climacteric, 24(2), 109–119. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33021111/
2. Csupor, D., Lantos, T., Hegyi, P., Benkő, R., Viola, R., Gyöngyi, Z., Csécsei, P., Tóth, B., Vasas, A., Márta, K., Rostás, I., Szentesi, A., & Matuz, M. (2019). Vitex agnus-castus in premenstrual syndrome: A meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 47, 102190. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780016/
3. Dubey, V. P., Sureja, V. P., & Kheni, D. B. (2024). Efficacy evaluation of standardized Rheum rhaponticum root extract (ERr 731) on symptoms of menopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Journal of Biomedical Research, 38(3), 278–286. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38646867/
4. Lee, M. S., Shin, B.-C., Yang, E. J., Lim, H.-J., & Ernst, E. (2011). Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for treatment of menopausal symptoms: A systematic review. Maturitas, 70(3), 227–233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21840656/
5. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. (2025). Black cohosh. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547990/
6. Mayo, B., Vázquez, L., & Flórez, A. B. (2019). Equol: A bacterial metabolite from the daidzein isoflavone and its presumed beneficial health effects. Nutrients, 11(9), 2231. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/9/2231

You've been hearing new voices in the host chair lately — so this week we're pulling back the curtain to introduce them properly. Dr. Kate Kresge sits down with Dr. Holly Lucille, Dr. Lara Zakaria, and Dr. Jessica Christie for a roundtable on the winding, deeply personal paths that led each of them into root-cause medicine.

A pharmacist nearly buried under her own stack of nutrition books who came out dual-licensed. A psychology student who couldn't find a medical school that took food and sleep seriously, so she built her own path. A holistic nurse turned naturopathic doctor who fought for her profession on the statehouse floor. And a host whose decade-long "mystery illness" resolved in three days once the right test was finally run. What ties them together is a stubborn refusal to stop at the easy answer — the instinct to say, let's think this through, because so often the protocol failed the patient, not the other way around.

Consider this your proper introduction to the team learning and sharing what works, right alongside you.

What you'll hear

• Why every one of these clinicians came to functional medicine as a "detective" — and often as a patient first.
• Dr. Lara Zakaria's path from community pharmacist to dual-licensed nutritionist, and a clear-eyed explainer on what the CNS credential actually requires.
• Dr. Jessica Christie's move from developmental psychology into naturopathic medicine, becoming her own first patient, and finding her way into fertility and women's health.
• Dr. Holly Lucille's journey through holistic nursing and naturopathic medicine — and helping pass California's ND licensing bill (SB 907) in 2004.
• Dr. Kate Kresge's decade of misdiagnosed illness that resolved in days once the root cause was identified — and why it reshaped how she thinks about mental-health symptoms with a physiological root cause.
• How Rupa and Fullscript coming together puts labs, education, boot camps, webinars and AI-assisted evidence in one free place for clinicians.
• The team's reframe of "the patient failed treatment" into "the treatment failed the patient" — and what patient-centered care really means.

Key themes

• Let's think things through — clinical reasoning over the 15-minute prescribe-and-go visit.
• The empowered, informed patient is a good thing; clinicians add the nuance.
• Whole-person care means mind and body are never truly separate.
• Personalization: the protocol fits the patient, not the other way around.

Timestamps

• 02:21 — Welcoming the hosts
• 03:13 — Naming the listeners
• 05:35 — "Let's think things through"
• 06:40 — Nuance and the empowered patient
• 09:02 — Dr. Lara Zakaria's story
• 12:16 — Dr. Jessica Christie's story
• 16:00 — Rupa magazine + free education
• 17:03 — What a CNS is
• 20:10 — Dr. Holly Lucille's story
• 28:17 — Whiskey Flower + Wipeout
• 30:16 — Rupa + Fullscript coming together
• 32:20 — AI Assist for whole-person care
• 34:00 — Dr. Kate Kresge's story
• 44:11 — The protocol failed the patient
• 46:05 — What excites the team next
• 53:21 — Wrap-up + listener name reveal

Want to elevate your practice? This episode is sponsored by Fullscript, a comprehensive care delivery platform designed to support whole-person, integrative healthcare. Fullscript allows clinicians to streamline supplement dispensing, lab ordering, and patient education in one free, centralized system—helping reduce administrative burden while supporting clinical decision-making. For practitioners, Fullscript offers access to professional-grade supplements, evidence-informed protocols, and lab integrations that can support more efficient planning and follow-up. For patients, it provides a clear, organized way to receive recommendations, manage refills, and stay engaged in their care. The goal is not to replace clinical judgment, but to make it easier for clinicians to focus on what matters most: thoughtful, individualized patient care.

Disclaimer: Views expressed are those of the hosts and guests and do not necessarily reflect Fullscript or affiliated organizations. For informational and educational purposes only; not medical advice.

Dr. Lara Zakaria is joined by Stephanie Venn-Watson, DVM, MPH, to explore emerging research on pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), an odd-chain saturated fatty acid initially studied through research involving bottlenose dolphins.

The conversation connects C15:0 with cell-membrane composition, lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis, iron metabolism, metabolic health, and steatotic liver disease. It also examines research on circulating C15:0 as a biomarker associated with cardiometabolic outcomes and early human trials of C15:0 supplementation. (Imamura 2018) (Sawh 2021) 

C15:0 has been proposed as a candidate essential fatty acid, however, that classification and a specific human “C15:0 deficiency syndrome” remain emerging hypotheses rather than established clinical diagnoses.

Clinical Takeaways

• Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death. First characterized in 2012, ferroptosis involves iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and differs mechanistically from apoptosis and other forms of cell death. (Dixon 2012) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids are particularly relevant substrates for ferroptotic lipid peroxidation. (Yang 2016)
• C15:0 is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid being studied for metabolic effects. Pentadecanoic acid, or C15:0, is found in dairy fat and smaller amounts in other foods. Higher circulating C15:0 has been associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes in prospective observational research, but these associations do not establish that C15:0 itself prevents diabetes. (Imamura 2018)
• Calling C15:0 an “essential fatty acid” remains an emerging scientific proposal. Experimental work has proposed C15:0 as a candidate essential fatty acid based on dietary exposure, biological activity, and associations between circulating levels and health outcomes. More research is needed before C15:0 can be treated as equivalent to the established essential fatty acids linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. (Venn-Watson 2020) (Venn-Watson 2022) 
• Metabolic hyperferritinemia is a recognized clinical framework, but it is not synonymous with ferroptosis or C15:0 deficiency. Metabolic hyperferritinemia describes elevated ferritin occurring with metabolic dysfunction. Ferritin is also an acute-phase reactant, so elevated values require evaluation in clinical context rather than being interpreted as tissue iron overload by themselves. (Valenti 2023)
• Human C15:0 supplementation evidence is early. Within this broader metabolic context, circulating C15:0 is an emerging biomarker of interest. In a small 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial in young adults with overweight or obesity, 200 mg/day oral C15:0 significantly increased circulating C15:0 concentrations. Exploratory analyses suggested that participants who achieved post-treatment circulating C15:0 concentrations above 5 µg/mL had greater reductions in ALT and AST and a greater increase in hemoglobin; these achieved-level findings were not definitive treatment effects and require replication in larger trials designed for liver and hematologic outcomes. (Robinson 2024)
• Diet and lifestyle remain the better-established foundation for metabolic and liver health. Dairy fat is the principal dietary source of C15:0, although circulating odd-chain fatty acids may also be influenced by endogenous production. (Weitkunat 2017) For people who avoid or tolerate little dairy, C15:0 supplementation is an emerging option that may be useful alongside high-fiber, Mediterranean-style minimally processed dietary patterns, regular exercise, metabolic-risk reduction, and appropriate evaluation and treatment of fatty liver disease or abnormal iron markers. (Chooi 2024)

Guest: Stephanie Venn-Watson, DVM, MPH

Stephanie Venn-Watson is a veterinary epidemiologist whose research has included comparative medicine and the health of bottlenose dolphins cared for through the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program.

Research involving dolphins identified similarities in metabolic and age-associated physiology that led investigators to study odd-chain saturated fatty acids, including C15:0 and C17:0. Her subsequent research has focused on the biological activity of C15:0 and the hypothesis that inadequate C15:0 may contribute to cellular vulnerability.

Some of this research is connected with patents and commercial C15:0 products, making independent replication and larger human clinical trials particularly important when interpreting the findings.

Clinician FAQ

1. What is C15:0?

C15:0, or pentadecanoic acid, is a 15-carbon odd-chain saturated fatty acid.

It occurs in foods including dairy fat and has historically been studied as a biomarker related to dairy-fat intake. (Imamura 2018) More recent research is examining whether C15:0 itself has biologically relevant metabolic effects. (Venn-Watson 2020)

2. Is C15:0 an essential fatty acid?

Not yet by established nutritional consensus.

C15:0 has been proposed as a candidate essential fatty acid, but this remains an emerging area of research. (Venn-Watson 2020) (Venn-Watson 2022) Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid remain the conventionally recognized essential fatty acids in human nutrition.

3. What is ferroptosis?

Ferroptosis is a regulated, iron-dependent form of cell death characterized by damaging lipid peroxidation. (Dixon 2012)

The process involves interactions among cellular iron, oxidizable membrane phospholipids, and antioxidant defense systems. Ferroptosis is being investigated across metabolic, neurologic, cardiovascular, liver, and cancer biology.

4. Is high ferritin evidence that a patient is undergoing ferroptosis?

No.

Ferritin reflects iron storage but is also an acute-phase reactant. Elevated ferritin can occur with inflammation, liver disease, metabolic dysfunction, infection, malignancy, iron overload, and other conditions. (Valenti 2023) Ferroptosis cannot be diagnosed from serum ferritin alone.

5. What is metabolic hyperferritinemia?

Metabolic hyperferritinemia describes elevated serum ferritin occurring in the context of metabolic dysfunction.

A published consensus framework proposes ferritin above 300 ng/mL in men or 200 ng/mL in women together with specified metabolic criteria, while excluding or reassessing alternative explanations for hyperferritinemia. (Valenti 2023) The framework also distinguishes hyperferritinemia from confirmed tissue iron accumulation. (Liu 2024)

6. Does elevated ferritin mean a patient needs phlebotomy?

Not necessarily.

The metabolic hyperferritinemia consensus states that evidence supporting routine iron-depletion therapy is insufficient. (Valenti 2023) Phlebotomy should not be inferred from ferritin alone; evaluation of the cause of hyperferritinemia and, when appropriate, tissue iron burden is important.

7. What foods contain C15:0?

Dairy fat is one dietary source of C15:0, and C15:0 is also present in smaller amounts in some meats, fish, and other foods.

Circulating odd-chain fatty acids are not exclusively determined by dairy intake. Research also suggests that endogenous pathways involving gut-derived propionate can contribute to odd-chain fatty acid production. (Weitkunat 2017)

8. Does eating more full-fat dairy increase C15:0?

Dietary dairy fat can contribute to circulating C15:0, but the health implications of increasing full-fat dairy cannot be reduced to C15:0 alone.

Dairy foods contain multiple fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and other components, and observational evidence differs by dairy-food type. (Imamura 2018) (Sawh 2021) Dietary recommendations should therefore consider the patient's overall diet and clinical context.

9. What has human supplementation research shown?

Human evidence remains limited.

One randomized trial studied 200 mg/day of C15:0 for 12 weeks in 30 young adults with overweight or obesity and found increased circulating C15:0. (Robinson 2024) A separate randomized trial evaluated 300 mg/day as an addition to an Asian-adapted Mediterranean-style diet in women with fatty liver and reported an additional reduction in LDL cholesterol and an increase in Bifidobacterium adolescentis abundance. (Chooi 2024)

Neither study establishes C15:0 supplementation as treatment for metabolic disease, ferroptosis, or metabolic hyperferritinemia.

10. Can C15:0 levels be used as a clinical treatment target?

A standardized clinical target has not been established.

Thresholds such as 5 μg/mL or 0.2% of total fatty acids have been proposed and explored in C15:0 research, but they should not currently be treated as universally validated diagnostic thresholds for deficiency or treatment targets. (Robinson 2024) (Venn-Watson 2024) 

Timestamps / Key Moments

00:00:18 Introducing C15:0, cellular aging, and ferroptosis

00:02:19 Stephanie Venn-Watson’s background and dolphin research

00:05:29 How C15:0 emerged from metabolomics research

00:10:20 Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in dolphins

00:11:33 What C15:0 is and how fatty acids are classified

00:18:18 C15:0, membrane stability, and lipid peroxidation

00:19:25 Understanding ferroptosis

00:24:34 Metabolic hyperferritinemia and clinical patterns

00:27:37 Proposed C15:0 thresholds and metabolic research

00:30:43 Dietary sources of C15:0

00:40:19 Measuring circulating C15:0

00:45:49 Human clinical research on C15:0

Fatty acids and biological processes discussed

• Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0)
• Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)
• Odd-chain saturated fatty acids
• Saturated fatty acids
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids
• Linoleic acid
• Alpha-linolenic acid
• EPA
• DHA
• Cell-membrane lipids
• Lipid peroxidation
• Ferroptosis
• Reactive oxygen species
• Mitochondrial function
• Iron metabolism
• Ferritin

Clinical markers and conditions discussed

• Ferritin
• Transferrin saturation
• Hemoglobin
• Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
• ALT
• AST
• GGT
• Lipid peroxidation
• LDL cholesterol
• Glucose
• Insulin
• Metabolic hyperferritinemia
• Insulin resistance
• Type 2 diabetes
• Metabolic syndrome
• MASLD
• MASH
• Iron overload
• Cognitive decline

Want to elevate your practice?

This episode is sponsored by Fullscript, a comprehensive care delivery platform designed to support whole-person, integrative healthcare. Fullscript helps practitioners bring supplement dispensing, lab ordering, patient education, and care planning into a centralized workflow.

The goal is not to replace clinical judgment, but to support thoughtful, individualized care and reduce unnecessary administrative steps.

For more practitioner education on supplement quality, metabolic health, and clinical decision-making, visit Fullscript Academy.

Disclaimer

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the host and guest and do not necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or affiliated organizations. This episode is for informational and educational purposes only and is not medical advice.

C15:0 research is evolving. C15:0 is not currently an established treatment for ferroptosis, metabolic hyperferritinemia, diabetes, MASLD, MASH, or neurodegenerative disease. Elevated ferritin has multiple potential causes and should be interpreted in clinical context. Patients should consult a qualified healthcare professional before changing their diet, supplements, iron intake, or treatment plan.

References

1. Chooi, Y. C., Zhang, Q. A., Magkos, F., Ng, M., Michael, N., Wu, X., Brok Volchanskaya, V. S., Lai, X., Wanjaya, E. R., Elejalde, U., Goh, C. C., Yap, C. P. L., Wong, L. H., Lim, K. J., Velan, S. S., Yaligar, J., Muthiah, M. D., Chong, Y. S., Loo, E. X. L., … Eriksson, J. G. (2024). Effect of an Asian-adapted Mediterranean diet and pentadecanoic acid on fatty liver disease: The TANGO randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 119(3), 788–799. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38035997/
2. Dixon, S. J., Lemberg, K. M., Lamprecht, M. R., Skouta, R., Zaitsev, E. M., Gleason, C. E., Patel, D. N., Bauer, A. J., Cantley, A. M., Yang, W. S., Morrison, B., III, & Stockwell, B. R. (2012). Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell, 149(5), 1060–1072. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632970/
3. Imamura, F., Fretts, A., Marklund, M., Ardisson Korat, A. V., Yang, W.-S., Lankinen, M., Qureshi, W., Helmer, C., Chen, T.-A., Wong, K., Bassett, J. K., Murphy, R., Tintle, N., Yu, C. I., Brouwer, I. A., Chien, K.-L., Frazier-Wood, A. C., del Gobbo, L. C., Djoussé, L., … Forouhi, N. G. (2018). Fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLOS Medicine, 15(10), e1002670. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30303968/
4. Liu, W.-Y., Lian, L.-Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S.-D., Jin, X.-Z., Zhang, N., Ye, C.-H., Chen, W.-Y., Goh, G. B. B., Wang, F.-D., Miele, L., Corradini, E., Valenti, L., & Zheng, M.-H. (2024). A population-based and clinical cohort validation of the novel consensus definition of metabolic hyperferritinemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 109(6), 1540–1549. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38124275/
5. Robinson, M. K., Lee, E., Ugalde-Nicalo, P. A., Skonieczny, J. W., Chun, L. F., Newton, K. P., & Schwimmer, J. B. (2024). Pentadecanoic acid supplementation in young adults with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition, 154(9), 2763–2771. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39069269/
6. Sawh, M. C., Wallace, M., Shapiro, E., Goyal, N. P., Newton, K. P., Yu, E. L., Bross, C., Durelle, J., Knott, C., Gangoiti, J. A., Barshop, B. A., Gengatharan, J. M., Meurs, N., Schlein, A., Middleton, M. S., Sirlin, C. B., Metallo, C. M., & Schwimmer, J. B. (2021). Dairy fat intake, plasma C15:0, and plasma iso-C17:0 are inversely associated with liver fat in children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 72(4), e90–e96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33399331/
7. Vacher, M. C., Durrant, C. S., Rose, J., Hall, A. J., Spires-Jones, T. L., Gunn-Moore, F., & Dagleish, M. P. (2023). Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in three species of oceanic dolphin. European Journal of Neuroscience, 57(7), 1161–1179. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36514861/
8. Valenti, L., Corradini, E., Adams, L. A., Aigner, E., Alqahtani, S., Arrese, M., Bardou-Jacquet, E., Bugianesi, E., Fernandez-Real, J.-M., Girelli, D., Hagström, H., Henninger, B., Kowdley, K., Ligabue, G., McClain, D., Lainé, F., Miyanishi, K., Muckenthaler, M. U., Pagani, A., … Zoller, H. (2023). Consensus statement on the definition and classification of metabolic hyperferritinaemia. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 19(5), 299–310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36805052/
9. Venn-Watson, S., Smith, C. R., Stevenson, S., Parry, C., Daniels, R., Jensen, E., Cendejas, V., Balmer, B., Janech, M., Neely, B. A., & Wells, R. (2013). Blood-based indicators of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Frontiers in Endocrinology, 4, 136. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24130551/
10. Venn-Watson, S., Parry, C., Baird, M., Stevenson, S., Carlin, K., Daniels, R., Smith, C. R., Jones, R., Meegan, J., Simmons, J., Gomez, F., & Jensen, E. D. (2015). Increased dietary intake of saturated fatty acid heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) associated with decreasing ferritin and alleviated metabolic syndrome in dolphins. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0132117. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26200116/
11. Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., & Dennis, E. A. (2020). Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: Could it be essential? Scientific Reports, 10, 8161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32424181/
12. Venn-Watson, S. K., & Butterworth, C. N. (2022). Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0268778. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268778
13. Venn-Watson, S. (2024). The cellular stability hypothesis: Evidence of ferroptosis and accelerated aging-associated diseases as newly identified nutritional pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) deficiency syndrome. Metabolites, 14(7), 355. https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/7/355
14. Weitkunat, K., Schumann, S., Nickel, D., Hornemann, S., Petzke, K. J., Schulze, M. B., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Klaus, S. (2017). Odd-chain fatty acids as a biomarker for dietary fiber intake: A novel pathway for endogenous production from propionate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 105(6), 1544–1551. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28424190/
15. Yang, W. S., Kim, K. J., Gaschler, M. M., Patel, M., Shchepinov, M. S., & Stockwell, B. R. (2016). Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(34), E4966–E4975. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27506793/

Dr. Geeta Maker-Clark joins the Root Cause Medicine Podcast to discuss ideas from her book, Medicine for All People: Science and Ancient Wisdom for Revolutionary Healing. Drawing from family medicine, integrative medicine, culinary medicine, community health and her own upbringing, she explores a broader view of medicine that includes food, plants, nature, community, service, trust, dance, gratitude, and play.

The conversation centers on a simple idea: health is shaped not only by what happens in the clinic, but also by the environments, relationships, resources, cultural traditions, and daily practices that surround a person. Dr. Maker-Clark organizes these ideas into three areas—medicines of the earth, medicines of connection, and medicines of spirit—and discusses how practitioners can think about them alongside conventional medical care.

Clinical Takeaways

• Food and nutrition are part of whole-person care. Dr. Maker-Clark describes food as a central part of her clinical philosophy and discusses culinary medicine as a way to combine nutrition education with practical cooking skills. Her University of Chicago culinary medicine work includes medical students, community members, and middle school students, with an emphasis on nutrition literacy, accessibility, and culturally relevant food education. (Maker-Clark 2023)
• Nature exposure may support stress regulation and mental well-being. The episode frames time outdoors and connection with the natural environment as accessible ways to support well-being. Research has associated nature exposure with lower perceived and physiologic stress, although study designs, settings, and outcomes vary. (Shuda 2020)
• Social connection deserves attention in clinical assessment. Dr. Maker-Clark emphasizes community, belonging, and service as dimensions of health. Research supports associations between loneliness and social isolation and adverse cardiovascular, brain, mental health, and inflammatory outcomes, although mechanisms and the effectiveness of specific interventions continue to be studied. (Cené 2022) (Smith 2020)
• Trust includes both healthcare relationships and self-trust. The conversation explores how previous negative healthcare experiences, chronic illness, and unexplained symptoms can affect trust. Dr. Maker-Clark describes rebuilding trust through relationships and small, achievable commitments rather than treating trust as something patients should simply provide.
• Dance combines movement, cognition, emotion, and often social interaction. Dance is presented as an accessible form of joyful movement rather than a replacement for clinical care. Research suggests dance can influence cognitive and neuroplasticity-related outcomes, particularly in older adults, although effects vary by population and intervention. (Teixeira-Machado 2019) (Hewston 2021)
• Gratitude and play can be viewed as practices that support well-being. Gratitude interventions have shown generally modest benefits for well-being and some psychological outcomes. (Diniz 2023) (Kerry 2023) Adult play can take many forms, including creativity, competition, collecting, storytelling, exploration, and restorative activities. (Blanche 2024)

Guest: Geeta Maker-Clark, MD

Dr. Geeta Maker-Clark is a family and integrative medicine physician whose work spans patient care, nutrition education, culinary medicine, and community health. In the episode, she describes early clinical work in high-risk obstetrics and underserved communities as formative in expanding her understanding of health beyond the clinic.

She co-developed culinary medicine programming connected with the University of Chicago, including medical student education and community-based nutrition programs. Her book, Medicine for All People: Science and Ancient Wisdom for Revolutionary Healing, brings together themes of ancestral knowledge, scientific research, social justice, connection, and accessible approaches to well-being.

Clinician FAQ

1. What does Dr. Maker-Clark mean by “medicine for all people”?

She uses the phrase to describe a broader framework for health that includes conventional medicine alongside food, nature, relationships, community, cultural knowledge, and everyday practices. Accessibility and social justice are central themes in the framework.

2. What is culinary medicine?

Culinary medicine combines nutrition education with practical food preparation and cooking skills. In the program discussed in the episode, medical students learn nutrition counseling and cooking skills while community and middle school programs focus on nutrition literacy, food preparation, food justice, and culturally relevant education. (Maker-Clark 2023)

3. What does research say about nature exposure and stress?

Research generally supports an association between exposure to natural environments and improvements in some measures of perceived and physiological stress. Results vary across studies, and the effects depend on factors such as the population, type of nature exposure, comparison environment, and outcome measured. (Shuda 2020)

4. Why are loneliness and social connection clinically relevant?

Social isolation and loneliness have been associated with poorer cardiovascular and brain health and with some inflammatory markers. However, loneliness and objective social isolation are distinct concepts, and evidence does not establish that every health effect attributed to social disconnection operates through inflammation. (Cené 2022) (Smith 2020)

5. Can dance support brain health?

Dance combines physical movement with rhythm, learning, coordination, and sometimes social interaction. Systematic reviews have reported changes in cognitive and neuroplasticity-related outcomes, particularly among middle-aged and older adults. The magnitude of benefit and the cognitive domains affected vary across studies. (Teixeira-Machado 2019) (Hewston 2021) (Fong Yan 2024)

6. Does practicing gratitude improve mental health?

Gratitude interventions have been associated with small improvements in well-being and, in some studies, psychological symptoms. Results are heterogeneous, and gratitude should be viewed as a supportive practice rather than a substitute for appropriate mental healthcare. (Diniz 2023) (Kerry 2023)

Timestamps / Key Moments

00:01:41 Fullscript and whole-person care

00:02:39 Introducing Medicine for All People

00:03:09 How the book’s title and philosophy developed

00:06:07 Family medicine, obstetrics, and community health

00:07:18 How living conditions shaped Dr. Maker-Clark’s view of medicine

00:10:00 Food as a central part of whole-person care

00:11:02 Growing up with food and traditional practices

00:13:19 Bringing nutrition back into clinical practice

00:15:14 Culinary medicine and medical student education

00:16:03 Bringing food education into Chicago public schools

00:17:23 Plants, ancestral knowledge, and connection with the natural world

00:20:29 Developing relationships with plants in everyday environments

00:22:49 Plants and the history of medicines

00:24:52 Nature, stress regulation, and belonging

00:27:19 Access to nature as a health-equity issue

00:31:26 Community as a medicine of connection

00:35:16 Service, or seva, and connection with others

00:41:31 Trust in healthcare relationships

00:45:22 Rebuilding trust in the body during chronic illness

00:46:39 Small practices for rebuilding self-trust

00:49:21 Why dance, gratitude, and play are “medicines of spirit”

00:50:36 Dance, movement, and neuroplasticity

00:53:28 Dance as culture, ancestry, and expression

00:54:27 Gratitude without toxic positivity

00:58:22 Why adults still need play

01:00:44 Different adult play personalities

01:03:20 Play and social development

01:05:56 Where to find Dr. Maker-Clark and her book

Want to elevate your practice? This episode is sponsored by Fullscript, a comprehensive care delivery platform designed to support whole-person, integrative healthcare. Fullscript allows clinicians to streamline supplement dispensing, lab ordering, and patient education in one free, centralized system—helping reduce administrative burden while supporting clinical decision-making. For practitioners, Fullscript offers access to professional-grade supplements, evidence-informed protocols, and lab integrations that can support more efficient planning and follow-up. For patients, it provides a clear, organized way to receive recommendations, manage refills, and stay engaged in their care. The goal is not to replace clinical judgment, but to make it easier for clinicians to focus on what matters most: thoughtful, individualized patient care.

Disclaimer

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the host and guest and do not necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or affiliated organizations. This episode is for informational and educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Practices discussed in the episode should not replace individualized medical assessment or treatment. Patients should consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to their healthcare routine.

References

1. Maker-Clark G, McHugh A, Shireman H, et al. Empowering Future Physicians and Communities on Chicago’s South Side through a 3-Arm Culinary Medicine Program. Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4212.
2. Shuda Q, Bougoulias ME, Kass R. Effect of nature exposure on perceived and physiologic stress: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2020;53:102514.
3. Smith KJ, Gavey S, Riddell NE, Kontari P, Victor C. The association between loneliness, social isolation and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;112:519–541.
4. Cené CW, Beckie TM, Sims M, et al. Effects of Objective and Perceived Social Isolation on Cardiovascular and Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022.
5. Teixeira-Machado L, Arida RM, de Jesus Mari J. Dance for neuroplasticity: A descriptive systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;96:232–240.
6. Hewston P, Kennedy CC, Borhan S, et al. Effects of dance on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021;50(4):1084–1092.
7. Fong Yan A, Nicholson LL, Ward RE, et al. The Effectiveness of Dance Interventions on Psychological and Cognitive Health Outcomes Compared with Other Forms of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2024.
8. Diniz G, Korkes L, Tristão LS, et al. The effects of gratitude interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Einstein (São Paulo). 2023.
9. Kerry N, Chhabra R, Clifton JDW. Being Thankful for What You Have: A Systematic Review of Evidence for the Effect of Gratitude on Life Satisfaction. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023;16:4799–4816.
10. Blanche EI, Chang MC, Parham LD. Experiences of Adult Play. Am J Occup Ther. 2024;78(4).

Dr. Holly Lucille, ND, is joined by Ellie Abraham, PhD, to explain why two curcumin or Boswellia supplements may not be equivalent, even when the front of the label looks similar. The conversation covers boswellic acid standardization, AKBA, curcumin delivery systems, piperine, botanical sourcing, finished-product testing, certificates of analysis, and supply-chain controls. Research supports meaningful variation in Boswellia composition and curcumin formulations, making the specific extract and formulation relevant when interpreting product labels and published evidence. (Meins 2016) (Mimica 2022)

Clinical Takeaways

• “Boswellic acids” describes a group of compounds. Boswellia preparations can contain different proportions of individual boswellic acids, including AKBA, KBA, and alpha- and beta-boswellic acids. Products with similar total boswellic acid claims therefore may not have identical chemical profiles. (Mannino 2016) (Meins 2016)
• Curcumin formulation matters. Conventional oral curcumin has low bioavailability, and formulations including phytosomes, liposomes, micelles, and piperine combinations have been studied as strategies to alter absorption. However, different formulations should not automatically be treated as interchangeable because comparative pharmacokinetic results vary. (Hegde 2023) (Fança-Berthon 2021)
• Standardization provides more information than an ingredient name alone. Botanical composition can vary with species, growing conditions, extraction, processing, and other supply-chain factors. Standardization and appropriate quality controls can help establish more consistent composition. (Ribnicky 2008) (Sarma 2021)
• Potency is only one part of quality. Botanical quality also involves identity, purity, contaminants, adulteration, and finished-product verification. Published investigations have identified labeling and authenticity concerns in both Boswellia and turmeric/curcumin products. (Meins 2016) (You 2022)
• Quality does not equal clinical fit. A well-characterized supplement still needs to be considered in the context of the individual patient, including the formulation, dose, supporting evidence, medication use, and potential botanical-drug interactions. (van Breemen 2008)

Guest: Ellie Abraham, PhD

Ellie Abraham has a PhD in plant biology, with research focused on developing analytical methods for testing finished botanical products. Her background includes botanical chemistry, finished-product testing, standardization, and dietary supplement quality. In this episode, she explains how practitioners can look beyond an ingredient name to assess what a curcumin or Boswellia product is actually formulated to deliver.

These five questions best match the broad topics addressed in the episode, particularly searches around Boswellia standardization, AKBA, curcumin absorption, piperine, and supplement quality. Exact search volume is not publicly available from a standard web search. These topics are also represented in published research on botanical quality and curcumin formulation.

Clinician FAQ

1. Are all Boswellia supplements the same?

No. Boswellia products may differ in species, extract composition, total boswellic acid content, and concentrations of individual boswellic acids such as AKBA and KBA. A survey of commercial Boswellia supplements found substantial variation in composition and label compliance. (Meins 2016)

2. What does boswellic acid standardization mean?

It indicates that an extract is standardized to a stated amount of boswellic acids or, in some products, a particular constituent such as AKBA. Boswellia contains multiple boswellic acids, and their relative concentrations can vary by species and extract. (Mannino 2016) (Lauß 2024)

3. Why is AKBA listed separately on some Boswellia products?

AKBA, or 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, is one individual boswellic acid that has received substantial pharmacologic research attention. Calling it out separately provides more specific compositional information than reporting total boswellic acids alone. (Ammon 2016)

4. Why do curcumin supplements use phytosomes, liposomes, or piperine?

Conventional oral curcumin has limited bioavailability. Phospholipid complexes, liposomal and micellar systems, and co-administration with piperine are among the approaches studied to alter its absorption and pharmacokinetics. Results vary by formulation, so an “enhanced absorption” format does not by itself establish that two products are equivalent. (Mirzaei 2017) (Heidari 2023) (Mimica 2022)

5. How can practitioners assess curcumin and Boswellia supplement quality?

Look beyond the ingredient name. Relevant product information may include botanical identity, extract and standardization details, branded ingredients tied to specific research, contaminant and adulteration testing, finished-product verification, and manufacturer transparency. Published studies have documented variability and authenticity concerns in commercial Boswellia and turmeric products. (Meins 2016) (You 2022)

Timestamps / Key Moments

00:00:36 Why familiar botanical names do not make products equivalent

00:01:27 Understanding Boswellia and boswellic acid standardization

00:02:05 Total boswellic acids and individual compounds

00:03:47 Why the boswellic acid profile matters

00:05:40 Matching botanical extracts to the supporting evidence

00:06:09 Curcumin delivery methods and formulation differences

00:07:12 Phospholipid-based curcumin formulations

00:08:29 How piperine is used with curcumin

00:10:43 Finished-product testing and label claims

00:13:43 Heavy metals and synthetic curcumin concerns

00:14:09 Understanding California Proposition 65

00:16:40 Curcuminoid complexes and certificates of analysis

00:18:18 How supply-chain controls affect botanical composition

00:20:07 Why standardization matters from batch to batch

00:21:05 What practitioners can look for when reviewing products

00:22:40 Fullscript's approach to supplier and product quality review

Botanicals and Compounds Discussed

• Boswellia
• Boswellia extracts
• Boswellic acids
• AKBA (3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid)
• Beta-boswellic acid
• Turmeric
• Curcumin
• Curcuminoids
• Piperine
• Phospholipids

Quality Methods and Documents Discussed

• Botanical standardization
• Finished-product testing
• Ingredient identity verification
• Potency testing
• Heavy-metal testing
• Adulteration screening
• Synthetic curcumin testing
• Certificates of analysis
• Branded ingredient documentation
• Raw-material sourcing
• Supply-chain controls
• Extraction methods
• Stability data
• Batch-to-batch consistency
• Supplier and brand vetting

Want to elevate your practice?

This episode is sponsored by Fullscript, a comprehensive care delivery platform designed to support whole-person, integrative healthcare. Fullscript allows clinicians to streamline supplement dispensing, lab ordering, and patient education in one centralized system. For practitioners, Fullscript provides access to professional-grade supplements and practitioner education while incorporating quality review processes for brands and products offered through its catalog. The goal is not to replace clinical judgment, but to help practitioners make thoughtful, individualized decisions with clearer product and quality information.

For more practitioner education on supplement quality and clinical decision-making, visit Fullscript Academy at academy.fullscript.com.

Disclaimer

The views expressed on this podcast are those of the host and guest and do not necessarily reflect those of Fullscript or affiliated organizations. This episode is for informational and educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Dietary supplements may cause side effects or interact with medications. Patients should consult a qualified healthcare professional before changing their healthcare routine.

References

1. Ammon, H. P. T. (2016). Boswellic acids and their role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 928, 291–327. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27671822/
2. Fança-Berthon, P., et al. (2021). Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of turmeric curcuminoids depends on formulation: Results of a human crossover study. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(7), 1802–1816. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34363434/
3. Hegde, M., Girisa, S., BharathwajChetty, B., Vishwa, R., & Kunnumakkara, A. B. (2023). Curcumin formulations for better bioavailability: What we learned from clinical trials thus far? ACS Omega, 8(12), 10713–10746. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37008131/
4. Heidari, H., Bagherniya, M., Majeed, M., Sathyapalan, T., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2023). Curcumin-piperine co-supplementation and human health: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Phytotherapy Research, 37(4), 1462–1487. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36720711/
5. Lauß, J., Kappacher, C., Isser, O., Huck, C. W., & Rainer, M. (2024). Species-specific quantification of bioactive boswellic acids in Boswellia resin using NIR spectroscopy, HPLC and multivariate data analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 316, 124384. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38701576/
6. Mannino, G., Occhipinti, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2016). Quantitative determination of 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) and other boswellic acids in Boswellia sacra and Boswellia serrata. Molecules, 21(10), 1329. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782055/
7. Meins, J., Artaria, C., Riva, A., Morazzoni, P., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M., & Abdel-Tawab, M. (2016). Survey on the quality of the top-selling European and American botanical dietary supplements containing boswellic acids. Planta Medica, 82(6), 573–579. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27054914/
8. Mimica, B., Bučević Popović, V., Banjari, I., Jeličić Kadić, A., & Puljak, L. (2022). Methods used for enhancing the bioavailability of oral curcumin in randomized controlled trials: A meta-research study. Pharmaceuticals, 15(8), 939. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015087/ 
9. Mirzaei, H., Shakeri, A., Rashidi, B., Jalili, A., Banikazemi, Z., & Sahebkar, A. (2017). Phytosomal curcumin: A review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 85, 102–112. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27930973/
10. Ribnicky, D. M., et al. (2008). Evaluation of botanicals for improving human health. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(2), 472S–475S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258640/
11. Sarma, N., Upton, R., Rose, U., Guo, D.-A., Marles, R., Khan, I., & Giancaspro, G. (2021). Pharmacopeial standards for the quality control of botanical dietary supplements in the United States. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 20(3), 485–504. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34699287/
12. van Breemen, R. B., Fong, H. H. S., & Farnsworth, N. R. (2008). Ensuring the safety of botanical dietary supplements. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(2), 509S–513S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258648/
13. You, H., Gershon, H., Goren, F., Xue, F., Kantowski, T., & Monheit, L. (2022). Analytical strategies to determine the labelling accuracy and economically-motivated adulteration of “natural” dietary supplements in the marketplace: Turmeric case study. Food Chemistry, 370, 131007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34507212/